Sorovako, yomwe ili pachilumba cha Sulawesi ku Indonesia, ndi umodzi mwa migodi yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Nickel ndi gawo losawoneka la zinthu zambiri zatsiku ndi tsiku: zimasowa muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zotenthetsera mu zida zapakhomo ndi ma electrode m'mabatire. Idapangidwa zaka zoposa 2 miliyoni zapitazo pamene mapiri ozungulira Sorovako anayamba kuwonekera pamodzi ndi zolakwika zogwira ntchito. Laterites - dothi lolemera mu iron oxide ndi nickel - linapangidwa chifukwa cha kukokoloka kosalekeza kwa mvula ya kumalo otentha. Nditayendetsa njinga yamoto yokwera phiri, nthawi yomweyo nthaka inasintha kukhala yofiira ndi mikwingwirima yamagazi. Ndinkatha kuwona chomera cha faifi pachokha, chimbudzi chafumbi chabulauni chofanana ndi mzinda. Matayala agalimoto ang'onoang'ono kukula ngati galimoto aunjikana. Misewu yodutsa m'mapiri ofiira otsetsereka ndipo maukonde akuluakulu amalepheretsa kugumuka kwa nthaka. Kampani ya migodi ya Mercedes-Benz mabasi a decker awiri amanyamula antchito. Mbendera ya kampaniyo imawulutsidwa ndi magalimoto onyamula katundu ndi ma ambulansi akunja. Dziko lapansi ndi lamapiri ndipo lili ndi dzenje, ndipo dziko lapansi lofiira lathyathyathya limakulungidwa kukhala trapezoid ya zigzag. Malowa amatetezedwa ndi mawaya otchinga, zipata, magetsi apamsewu komanso apolisi apakampani omwe amayenda m'malo ovomerezeka pafupifupi kukula kwa London.
Mgodiwu umayendetsedwa ndi PT Vale, yomwe mbali ina yake ndi maboma a Indonesia ndi Brazil, omwe ali ndi magawo amakampani aku Canada, Japan ndi mayiko ena. Dziko la Indonesia ndi limene lili pa dziko lonse lapansi lopanga faifi tambala, ndipo Vale ndi wachiwiri kwa mgodi waukulu wa nickel pambuyo pa Norilsk Nickel, kampani ya ku Russia yomwe ikupanga ndalama za ku Siberia. M'mwezi wa Marichi, kutsatira kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine, mitengo ya nickel idakwera kawiri patsiku ndipo malonda pa London Metal Exchange adayimitsidwa kwa sabata. Zochitika ngati izi zimapangitsa anthu ngati Elon Musk kudabwa komwe nickel yawo idachokera. Mu May, adakumana ndi Purezidenti wa Indonesia Joko Widodo kuti akambirane za "mgwirizano" wotheka. Ali ndi chidwi chifukwa magalimoto amagetsi akutali amafunikira faifi tambala. Batire ya Tesla ili ndi pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 40. Mosadabwitsa, boma la Indonesia limakonda kwambiri kusamukira ku magalimoto amagetsi ndipo akukonzekera kuwonjezera migodi. Pakadali pano, Vale akufuna kumanga zitsulo ziwiri zatsopano ku Sorovaco ndikukweza imodzi mwazo.
Migodi ya Nickel ku Indonesia ndi chitukuko chatsopano. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, boma lachitsamunda la Dutch East Indies linayamba kuchita chidwi ndi "zake zozungulira", zilumba zina osati Java ndi Madura, zomwe zimapanga gawo lalikulu la zilumbazi. Mu 1915, katswiri wa migodi wa ku Dutch Eduard Abendanon adanena kuti adapeza ndalama za nickel ku Sorovako. Zaka 20 pambuyo pake, HR “Flat” Elves, katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka ndi kampani ya ku Canada ya Inco, anafika ndikukumba dzenje loyesa. Ku Ontario, Inco amagwiritsa ntchito faifi tambala kupanga ndalama ndi magawo a zida, mabomba, zombo ndi mafakitale. Kuyesera kwa Elves kukulitsa ku Sulawesi kunalepheretsedwa ndi kulanda dziko la Japan ku Indonesia mu 1942. Mpaka kubwereranso kwa Inco m'ma 1960, nickel sanakhudzidwe.
Popambana mgwirizano wa Sorovaco mu 1968, Inco akuyembekeza kupindula ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zotsika mtengo komanso mapangano opindulitsa otumiza kunja. Ikutegwa ajane cilongwe cibotu, cisi cakulya cakulya, ceeco ncaakali kukonzya kuleta basinkondonyina baku Kanada kuti bazumanane kulibombya. Kampani ya Inco inkafuna kuti mamenejala awo azikhala pamalo otetezeka, dera lotetezedwa bwino lomwe lili ku North America m'nkhalango ya ku Indonesia. Kuti amange, adalemba ntchito mamembala a gulu lachipembedzo la ku Indonesia la Subud. Mtsogoleri ndi woyambitsa wake ndi Muhammad Subuh, yemwe ankagwira ntchito yowerengera ndalama ku Java m'ma 1920. Akunena kuti usiku wina, pamene akuyenda, mpira wochititsa khungu unagwera pamutu pake. Zimenezi zinam’chitikira usiku uliwonse kwa zaka zingapo, ndipo, malinga ndi kunena kwa iye, chinatsegula “kugwirizana pakati pa mphamvu yaumulungu imene imadzaza chilengedwe chonse ndi moyo wa munthu.” Pofika zaka za m'ma 1950, adadziwika ndi John Bennett, wofufuza mafuta a ku Britain komanso wotsatira wachinsinsi George Gurdjieff. Bennett anaitana Subuh ku England mu 1957 ndipo anabwerera ku Jakarta ndi gulu latsopano la ophunzira a ku Ulaya ndi Australia.
Mu 1966, gululi lidapanga kampani yodziwika bwino yaukadaulo yotchedwa International Design Consultants, yomwe idamanga masukulu ndi nyumba zamaofesi ku Jakarta (inapanganso pulani yayikulu ya Darling Harbor ku Sydney). Akupanga utopia wa Extractivist ku Sorovako, malo olekanitsidwa ndi a Indonesia, kutali ndi chipwirikiti cha migodi, koma amaperekedwa mokwanira ndi iwo. Mu 1975, malo okhala ndi malo ogulitsira, makhothi a tennis ndi kalabu ya gofu ya ogwira ntchito akunja adamangidwa pamtunda wa makilomita ochepa kuchokera ku Sorovako. Apolisi wamba amayang'anira kuzungulira ndi khomo la supermarket. Inco imapereka magetsi, madzi, zoziziritsira mpweya, matelefoni ndi chakudya chochokera kunja. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Katherine May Robinson, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu amene anachita ntchito yolalikira kumeneko pakati pa 1977 ndi 1981, “akazi a ku Bermuda akabudula ndi mabasi ankapita kusitolo kukagula pizza woziziritsa ndi kusiya zokhwasula-khwasula ndi kumwa khofi panja. Chipinda choziziritsa mpweya panjira yopita kunyumba ndi “chinyengo chamakono” chochokera kunyumba ya bwenzi.
Malo achitetezo akadali otetezedwa komanso kulondera. Tsopano atsogoleri apamwamba a ku Indonesia amakhala kumeneko, m’nyumba yokhala ndi dimba losamalidwa bwino. Koma malo opezeka anthu ambiri ali ndi udzu, simenti yong'ambika, ndi mabwalo a dzimbiri. Ena mwa ma bungalows adasiyidwa ndipo nkhalango zatenga malo awo. Ndinauzidwa kuti kusokonekera kumeneku kudachitika chifukwa Vale adapeza Inco mu 2006 komanso kuchoka pantchito yanthawi zonse kupita kuntchito komanso kugwira ntchito zambiri. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa madera ozungulira ndi Sorovako tsopano kwakhazikika m'kalasi: oyang'anira amakhala m'midzi, ogwira ntchito amakhala mumzinda.
Chilolezo chokhacho sichikupezeka, ndipo pafupifupi 12,000 masikweya kilomita amapiri amitengo atazunguliridwa ndi mipanda. Zipata zingapo zili ndi anthu ndipo misewu imayang'aniridwa. Malo omwe amakumbidwa mwachangu - pafupifupi masikweya kilomita 75 - amatchingidwa ndi waya waminga. Tsiku lina usiku ndinakwera njinga yamoto n’kuimirira. Sindinathe kuona mulu wa slag wobisika kuseri kwa phirilo, koma ndinayang'ana mabwinja a fungo, omwe anali adakali pafupi ndi kutentha kwa chiphalaphala, akutsika m'phirimo. Kuwala kwa lalanje kunayatsa, kenaka mtambo unanyamuka mumdimawo, ukufalikira mpaka kuulutsidwa ndi mphepo. Mphindi zochepa zilizonse, kuphulika kwatsopano kopangidwa ndi anthu kumaunikira kumwamba.
Njira yokhayo imene anthu osagwira ntchito angazembere pamgodiwo ndi kudutsa Nyanja ya Matano, choncho ndinakwera bwato. Kenako Amos yemwe ankakhala m’mphepete mwa nyanja ananditsogolera m’minda ya tsabola mpaka tinakafika m’munsi mwa phiri lomwe kale linali phiri ndipo panopa ndi chigoba chopanda dzenje, palibe. Nthawi zina mutha kupita ku malo oyambira, ndipo mwina apa ndipamene gawo la nickel limachokera kuzinthu zomwe zathandizira maulendo anga: magalimoto, ndege, scooters, laptops, mafoni.
Editor London Review of Books, 28 Little Russell Street London, WC1A 2HNletters@lrb.co.uk Please provide name, address and telephone number.
The Editor London Review of Books 28 Little Russell Street London, WC1A 2HN Letters@lrb.co.uk Please provide name, address and phone number
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