Aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo chochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndi chinthu chachitatu chodziwika bwino chomwe chili ndi 8% ya kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi.Kusinthasintha kwa aluminiyumu kumapangitsa kukhala chitsulo chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pambuyo pa chitsulo.

Kupanga Aluminium

Aluminium imachokera ku mineral bauxite.Bauxite imasinthidwa kukhala aluminium oxide (alumina) kudzera mu Bayer Process.Aluminium imasinthidwa kukhala zitsulo zotayidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma electrolytic cell ndi Hall-Heroult Process.

Kufuna Pachaka kwa Aluminium

Padziko lonse lapansi kufunika kwa aluminiyamu ndi pafupifupi matani 29 miliyoni pachaka.Pafupifupi matani 22 miliyoni ndi aluminiyamu yatsopano ndipo matani 7 miliyoni ndi zotsalira za aluminiyamu zobwezerezedwanso.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa aluminiyamu yobwezerezedwanso ndizovuta zachuma komanso zachilengedwe.Pamafunika 14,000 kWh kupanga tani imodzi ya aluminiyamu yatsopano.Kumbali ina zimangotengera 5% yokha ya izi kukonzanso ndi kukonzanso tani imodzi ya aluminiyamu.Palibe kusiyana mu khalidwe pakati pa namwali ndi zobwezerezedwanso zotayidwa aloyi zotayidwa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito Aluminium

Koyeraaluminiyamundi yofewa, ductile, kugonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazingwe za zojambulazo ndi zowongolera, koma kuphatikizika ndi zinthu zina ndikofunikira kuti apereke mphamvu zapamwamba zomwe zimafunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zina.Aluminiyamu ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zopepuka kwambiri zauinjiniya, zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu pakulemera kwake kuposa chitsulo.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaubwino wake monga mphamvu, kupepuka, kukana dzimbiri, kubwezeretsedwanso ndi mawonekedwe ake, aluminiyamu ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuchulukirachulukira kwa ntchito.Zinthu zingapo izi zimayambira pa zinthu zomangika mpaka zopakira zopyapyala.

Mapangidwe a Aloyi

Aluminiyamu nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mkuwa, zinki, magnesium, silicon, manganese ndi lithiamu.Zowonjezera zazing'ono za chromium, titaniyamu, zirconium, lead, bismuth ndi faifi tambala zimapangidwanso ndipo chitsulo chimakhalapo pang'onopang'ono.

Pali ma aloyi opitilira 300 opangidwa ndi 50 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse.Nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe anayi omwe adachokera ku USA ndipo tsopano akuvomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi.Table 1 ikufotokoza dongosolo la ma alloys opangidwa.Ma cast alloys ali ndi mayina ofanana ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito manambala asanu.

Table 1.Mapangidwe a ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi aloyi.

Pazitsulo za aluminiyamu zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zosagwiritsidwa ntchito 1XXX, manambala awiri otsiriza amaimira chiyero cha chitsulo.Ndiwofanana ndi manambala awiri omaliza pambuyo pa decimal pomwe chiyero cha aluminiyamu chimawonetsedwa kufupi ndi 0.01 peresenti.Nambala yachiwiri imasonyeza kusinthidwa kwa malire odetsedwa.Ngati nambala yachiwiri ndi ziro, imasonyeza kuti aluminiyamu yosatulutsidwa ili ndi malire onyansa achilengedwe ndipo 1 mpaka 9, imasonyeza zonyansa zapayekha kapena ma alloying.

Pamagulu a 2XXX mpaka 8XXX, manambala awiri omaliza amazindikiritsa ma aluminiyamu osiyanasiyana pagulu.Nambala yachiwiri ikuwonetsa kusintha kwa aloyi.Nambala yachiwiri ya ziro ikuwonetsa aloyi yoyambirira ndipo manambala 1 mpaka 9 amawonetsa kusintha kotsatizana kwa aloyi.

Zinthu Zakuthupi za Aluminium

Kuchuluka kwa Aluminium

Aluminiyamu imakhala ndi kachulukidwe kozungulira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chitsulo kapena mkuwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazitsulo zopepuka kwambiri zopezeka pamalonda.Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi kulemera kwake kumapangitsa kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chololeza kuchuluka kwa malipiro kapena kupulumutsa mafuta pamafakitale oyendera.

Mphamvu ya Aluminium

Aluminiyamu yoyera ilibe mphamvu zolimba kwambiri.Komabe, kuwonjezera kwa zinthu zophatikizika monga manganese, silicon, mkuwa ndi magnesium kumatha kuwonjezera mphamvu za aluminiyamu ndikupanga aloyi yokhala ndi katundu wogwirizana ndi ntchito zina.

Aluminiyamundi yoyenera kumadera ozizira.Ili ndi mwayi kuposa chitsulo chifukwa 'mphamvu yake yokhazikika imawonjezeka ndi kuchepa kwa kutentha kwinaku ikusunga kulimba kwake.Chitsulo kumbali ina chimakhala chosasunthika pa kutentha kochepa.

Kukaniza Kukaniza kwa Aluminium

Aluminiyamu okusayidi ikakhala pamlengalenga, imapanga pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo pamwamba pa aluminiyumu.Chigawochi chimakhala ndi mphamvu yotsutsa dzimbiri.Imalimbana bwino ndi ma acid ambiri koma imagonjetsedwa ndi alkalis.

Thermal Conductivity ya Aluminium

The matenthedwe madutsidwe aluminiyumu ndi pafupifupi katatu kuposa chitsulo.Izi zimapangitsa aluminiyumu kukhala chinthu chofunikira pazoziziritsa komanso zotenthetsera monga zosinthira kutentha.Kuphatikizidwa ndi kukhala wopanda poizoni malowa amatanthauza kuti aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzophika ndi kukhitchini.

Mayendedwe Amagetsi a Aluminium

Pamodzi ndi mkuwa, aluminiyumu imakhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yokwanira kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kondakitala yamagetsi.Ngakhale kuti ma conductivity a aloyi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (1350) ndi pafupifupi 62% ya mkuwa wonyezimira, ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kulemera kwake ndipo amatha kuyendetsa magetsi owirikiza kawiri poyerekeza ndi mkuwa wolemera womwewo.

Kuwonekera kwa Aluminium

Kuchokera ku UV kupita ku infra-red, aluminiyamu ndi chithunzithunzi chabwino kwambiri cha mphamvu yowunikira.Kuwala kowoneka bwino kozungulira 80% kumatanthauza kuti kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazowunikira.Zomwezo katundu wa reflectivity amapangaaluminiyamuyabwino ngati insulating material kuteteza ku kuwala kwa dzuwa m'chilimwe, pamene insulating ku kutaya kutentha m'nyengo yozizira.

Table 2.Zida za aluminiyamu.

Mechanical Properties of Aluminium

Aluminiyamu imatha kupunduka kwambiri popanda kulephera.Izi zimathandiza kuti aluminiyumu ipangidwe mwa kugudubuza, kutulutsa, kujambula, kupanga makina ndi njira zina zamakina.Ikhozanso kuponyedwa ku kulolerana kwakukulu.

Alloying, kuzizira komanso kutentha kutentha kutha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza zinthu za aluminiyamu.

Kulimba kwamphamvu kwa aluminiyamu koyera ndi pafupifupi 90 MPa koma izi zitha kuonjezedwa kupitilira 690 MPa pazitsulo zina zothana ndi kutentha.

Miyezo ya Aluminium

Muyezo wakale wa BS1470 wasinthidwa ndi miyezo isanu ndi inayi ya EN.Miyezo ya EN yaperekedwa mu tebulo 4.

Table 4.Miyezo ya EN ya aluminiyamu

Miyezo ya EN imasiyana ndi muyeso wakale, BS1470 m'malo otsatirawa:

• Zolemba za Chemical - zosasinthika.
• Dongosolo la manambala a aloyi - osasinthika.
• Mafotokozedwe a kupsya mtima kwa ma aloyi otha kutentha tsopano akuphatikiza kupsya mtima kwapadera.Kufikira manambala anayi T atadziwitsidwa pazogwiritsa ntchito zomwe sizili wamba (mwachitsanzo T6151).
• Kupsya mtima kwa zosakaniza zomwe sizingachiritsidwe ndi kutentha - kupsya mtima komwe kulipo sikunasinthe koma kupsya mtima tsopano kukufotokozedwa momveka bwino momwe amapangidwira.Kupsya mtima (O) tsopano ndi H111 ndipo kupsya mtima kwapakatikati H112 kwayambitsidwa.Pakuti aloyi 5251 tempers tsopano anasonyeza monga H32/H34/H36/H38 (chimodzimodzi H22/H24, etc).H19/H22 & H24 tsopano akuwonetsedwa mosiyana.
• Zida zamakina - zimakhalabe zofanana ndi ziwerengero zam'mbuyomu.Kupsinjika kwa Umboni kwa 0.2% kuyenera kutchulidwa pa ziphaso zoyeserera.
• Kulekerera kwakulitsidwa ku madigiri osiyanasiyana.
  

  Kutentha kwa Aluminium

  Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yochizira kutentha ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazitsulo za aluminiyamu:

  • Homogenisation - kuchotsa tsankho ndi kutentha pambuyo kuponyera.
  • Annealing - amagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pozizira kufewetsa ma aloyi owumitsa ntchito (1XXX, 3XXX ndi 5XXX).
  • Kugwa kapena kuuma kwa zaka (ma aloyi 2XXX, 6XXX ndi 7XXX).
  • Anakonza kutentha mankhwala pamaso ukalamba wa mpweya kuumitsa kasakaniza wazitsulo.
  • Kuwotcha kuti kuchiritsa zokutira
  • Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha, suffix imawonjezeredwa ku manambala odziwika.
  • Suffix F imatanthauza "monga kupangidwa".
  • O amatanthauza "zinthu zopangidwa ndi annealed".
  • T zikutanthauza kuti wakhala "kutenthedwa mankhwala".
  • W zikutanthauza kuti zinthu zakhala njira kutentha ankachitira.
  • H amatanthawuza ma alloys osachiritsika ndi kutentha omwe "amagwira ntchito mozizira" kapena "kuvuta kwambiri".
  • Ma aloyi omwe satha kutentha ndi omwe ali m'magulu 3XXX, 4XXX ndi 5XXX.