Ndi kukula kwa aluminiyamu mkati mwa makampani opanga zowotcherera, komanso kuvomerezedwa kwake ngati njira ina yabwino kwambiri m'malo mwa chitsulo pa ntchito zambiri, pali zofunikira zambiri kuti iwo omwe akugwira ntchito yopanga mapulojekiti a aluminiyamu adziwe bwino gulu la zipangizozi. Kuti mumvetse bwino aluminiyamu, ndi bwino kuyamba mwa kudziwa njira yodziwira/kuzindikiritsa aluminiyamu, mitundu yambiri ya aluminiyamu yomwe ilipo komanso makhalidwe awo.

Dongosolo la Kutenthetsa ndi Kusankha Aluminiyamu- Ku North America, Aluminium Association Inc. ndi yomwe imayang'anira kugawa ndi kulembetsa aluminiyamu. Pakadali pano pali aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi zinthu zopangidwa ...Buku la Tiyimutu wakuti “Mayina a Alloy Padziko Lonse ndi Malire a Kuphatikizika kwa Mankhwala a Aluminiyamu Yopangidwa ndi Aluminiyamu Yopangidwa” komanso m'malemba awoBuku la Pinkiyotchedwa “Mayina ndi Malire a Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala a Aluminiyamu mu Mtundu wa Zotayidwa ndi Ingot. Mabuku awa akhoza kukhala othandiza kwambiri kwa mainjiniya oweluzira popanga njira zoweluzira, komanso pamene kuganizira za chemistry ndi kugwirizana kwake ndi kukhudzidwa kwa ming'alu ndikofunikira.

Ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi aluminiyamu amatha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo kutengera mawonekedwe a chinthucho monga kuthekera kwake kuyankha kutentha ndi makina komanso chinthu chachikulu chopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu chomwe chimawonjezeredwa ku aluminiyamu. Tikaganizira za njira yowerengera / kuzindikira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi aluminiyamu, makhalidwe omwe ali pamwambapa amadziwika. Ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi opangidwa ndi opangidwa ndi opangidwa ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zozindikiritsira. Dongosolo lopangidwa ndi ma digito anayi ndipo ma castings ali ndi njira yoyika ma digito atatu ndi amodzi.

Dongosolo Lopangira Ma Alloy Opangidwa- Choyamba tikambirana za njira yodziwira aloyi ya aluminiyamu yokhala ndi manambala anayi. Manambala oyamba (Xxxx) imasonyeza chinthu chachikulu chopangira alloy, chomwe chawonjezeredwa ku aluminiyamu ndipo nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza mndandanda wa alloy alloy, mwachitsanzo, mndandanda wa 1000, mndandanda wa 2000, mndandanda wa 3000, mpaka mndandanda wa 8000 (onani tebulo 1).

Nambala yachiwiri (x)Xxx), ngati zosiyana ndi 0, zimasonyeza kusintha kwa aloyi yeniyeni, ndipo manambala achitatu ndi achinayi (xxXX) ndi manambala osankhidwa mwachisawawa omwe amaperekedwa kuti azindikire alloy inayake mu mndandanda. Chitsanzo: Mu alloy 5183, nambala 5 imasonyeza kuti ndi ya mndandanda wa alloy wa magnesium, 1 imasonyeza kuti ndi 1^stkusintha kwa aloyi yoyambirira 5083, ndipo 83 imadziwika mu mndandanda wa 5xxx.

Chokhacho chomwe chingakhalepo pa dongosolo lowerengera ma alloy ndi ma alloy a 1xxx series (ma alloy oyera) pomwe manambala awiri omaliza amapereka kuchuluka kochepa kwa aluminiyamu kuposa 99%, mwachitsanzo, Alloy 13.(50)(99.50% aluminiyamu yocheperako).

Dongosolo Lopangira Mapangidwe a Aluminiyamu Yopangidwa

Gome 1

Chikhazikitso cha Aloyi Chopangidwa ndi Oyikira- Dongosolo loyimira ma alloy opangidwa ndi cast alloy limachokera pa ma digit-plus decimal decimal decimal decision okhala ndi manambala atatu xxx.x (monga 356.0). Digito yoyamba (Xxx.x) imasonyeza chinthu chachikulu chopangira alloying, chomwe chawonjezeredwa ku alloy ya aluminiyamu (onani tebulo 2).

Dongosolo Lopangira Mapangidwe a Aluminiyamu Yopangidwa ndi Aluminiyamu

Gome 2

Manambala achiwiri ndi achitatu (xXX.x) ndi manambala osankhidwa mwachisawawa omwe amaperekedwa kuti azindikire alloy inayake mu mndandanda. Nambala yotsatira mfundo ya decimal imasonyeza ngati alloy ndi yopangidwa (.0) kapena ingot (.1 kapena .2). Chiyambi cha chilembo chachikulu chimasonyeza kusintha kwa alloy inayake.
Chitsanzo: Aloyi – A356.0 likulu A (Axxx.x) imasonyeza kusintha kwa aloyi 356.0. Nambala 3 (A3xx.x) imasonyeza kuti ndi ya silicon plus copper ndi/kapena magnesium series. 56 in (Ax)56.0) imazindikira alloy mkati mwa mndandanda wa 3xx.x, ndi .0 (Axxx.0) zikusonyeza kuti ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe omaliza osati ingot.

Dongosolo Loyimira Mtima wa Aluminiyamu -Ngati tiganizira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya aluminiyamu, tiwona kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pa makhalidwe awo ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mfundo yoyamba yoti tizindikire, titamvetsetsa njira yodziwira, ndi yakuti pali mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya aluminiyamu mkati mwa mndandanda womwe watchulidwa pamwambapa. Izi ndi mitundu ya aluminiyamu yotenthedwa ndi kutentha (yomwe ingapeze mphamvu kudzera mu kuwonjezera kutentha) ndi mitundu ya aluminiyamu yosakhala yotentha. Kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri poganizira momwe arc welding imakhudzira mitundu iwiriyi ya zipangizo.

Ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi 1xxx, 3xxx, ndi 5xxx sagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsera ndipo amangokhazikika pa strain. Ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi 2xxx, 6xxx, ndi 7xxx amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha ndipo mndandanda wa 4xxx umakhala ndi ma alloys omwe amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha komanso osagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsera. Ma alloys opangidwa ndi 2xx.x, 3xx.x, 4xx.x ndi 7xx.x amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha. Kulimbitsa strain nthawi zambiri sikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza.

Ma alloy ochiritsira kutentha amapeza mphamvu zawo zabwino kwambiri zamakaniko kudzera mu njira yochiritsira kutentha, njira yodziwika kwambiri yochiritsira kutentha ndi Solution Heat Treatment ndi Artificial Aging. Solution Heat Treatment ndi njira yotenthetsera alloy kutentha kwambiri (pafupifupi 990 Deg. F) kuti aike zinthu zosakaniza kapena zinthu mu yankho. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi kuzimitsa, nthawi zambiri m'madzi, kuti apange yankho losakhuta kwambiri kutentha kwa chipinda. Chithandizo cha kutentha kwa yankho nthawi zambiri chimatsatiridwa ndi ukalamba. Ukalamba ndi kunyowetsa gawo la zinthu kapena zinthu kuchokera ku yankho losakhuta kwambiri kuti lipereke zinthu zabwino.

Ma alloy osagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha amapeza mphamvu zawo zabwino kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito Stir Hardening. Stir Hardening ndi njira yowonjezera mphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito yozizira.T6, 6063-T4, 5052-H32, 5083-H112.

MACHITIDWE OYAMBA A ULEMU

Gome 3

Kuwonjezera pa kutanthauzira koyambira kwa kutentha, pali magulu awiri ogawa, limodzi likunena za "H" Temper - Strain Hardening, ndipo lina likunena za "T" Temper - Thermally Treated.

Magawo a H Temper - Strain Hardened

Manambala oyamba pambuyo pa H akusonyeza ntchito yoyambira:
H1- Kuuma Kokha.
H2- Kuuma kwa Ululu ndi Kutsekeka pang'ono.
H3- Kuuma ndi Kukhazikika.
H4- Yolimba komanso Yopakidwa utoto kapena yopentedwa.

Nambala yachiwiri pambuyo pa H imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa kuuma kwa kupsinjika:
HX2- Quarter Hard HX4- Hafu Yolimba HX6- Zovuta za Makota Atatu
HX8- HX Yolimba Kwambiri9- Zovuta Kwambiri

Magawo a T Temper - Ochiritsidwa ndi Kutentha

T1- Kukalamba mwachibadwa pambuyo pozizira chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha kwambiri, monga kutulutsa.
T2- Kuzizira kumagwira ntchito pambuyo pozizira kuchokera ku kusintha kwa kutentha kwambiri kenako nkukalamba mwachilengedwe.
T3- Yankho lake limakonzedwa ndi kutentha, limakonzedwa mozizira komanso limakalamba mwachilengedwe.
T4- Yankho lake ndi lokonzedwa ndi kutentha komanso losasinthika mwachilengedwe.
T5- Yopangidwa kuti izizire chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri.
T6- Yankho lake ndi lokonzedwa ndi kutentha komanso lokonzedwa mwaluso.
T7- Yankho lokonzedwa ndi kutentha komanso lokhazikika (lopitirira muyeso).
T8- Yankho lake ndi lokonzedwa ndi kutentha, lopangidwa ndi kuzizira komanso losasinthika.
T9- Yankho lokonzedwa ndi kutentha, lokonzedwa mwaluso komanso lozizira.
T10- Kuzizira kunagwira ntchito pambuyo pozizira kuchokera ku njira yopangira kutentha kwambiri kenako nkukalamba mwadala.

Manambala ena amasonyeza kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo.
Zitsanzo:
TX51kapena TXX51- Kupsinjika maganizo kumachepetsa mwa kutambasula thupi.
TX52kapena TXX52- Kupsinjika maganizo kumachepetsa.

Aluminiyamu ndi Makhalidwe Awo- Ngati tiganizira za mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya aluminiyamu yopangidwa, tidzayamikira kusiyana kwawo ndikumvetsetsa momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso makhalidwe awo.

Ma Alloys a 1xxx Series– (yosatha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha – yokhala ndi mphamvu yolimba ya 10 mpaka 27 ksi) mndandanda uwu nthawi zambiri umatchedwa mndandanda wa aluminiyamu woyera chifukwa umafunika kukhala ndi aluminiyamu yocheperako ya 99.0%. Ndi yotha kuwotcherera. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kochepa kosungunuka, amafunika kuganizira zina kuti apange njira zovomerezeka zowotcherera. Akaganiziridwa kuti apange, ma alloy awa amasankhidwa makamaka chifukwa cha kukana kwawo dzimbiri monga m'matanki apadera a mankhwala ndi mapaipi, kapena chifukwa cha kuyendetsa bwino kwamagetsi monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pa basi bar. Ma alloy awa ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zamakanika ndipo nthawi zambiri sangaganizidwe kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa kapangidwe kake. Ma alloy oyambira awa nthawi zambiri amawotcherera ndi zinthu zofananira zodzaza kapena ndi ma alloy odzaza a 4xxx kutengera momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito.

Ma Alloys a 2xxx Series– (yotha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha – yokhala ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri ya 27 mpaka 62 ksi) izi ndi aluminiyamu / zitsulo zamkuwa (zowonjezera zamkuwa kuyambira 0.7 mpaka 6.8%), ndipo ndi zitsulo zamphamvu kwambiri, zogwira ntchito bwino zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa ndege ndi ndege. Zili ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Zina mwa zitsulozi zimaonedwa kuti sizingasunthike ndi njira zolumikizira arc chifukwa chakuti zimatha kusweka ndi kutentha komanso kusweka kwa dzimbiri; komabe, zina zimasunthidwa bwino kwambiri ndi njira zolumikizira zoyenera. Zipangizo zoyambira izi nthawi zambiri zimasunthidwa ndi zitsulo zamphamvu kwambiri za 2xxx series filler zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi magwiridwe antchito awo, koma nthawi zina zimatha kusunthidwa ndi zitsulo za 4xxx series zomwe zili ndi silicon kapena silicon ndi mkuwa, kutengera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ma Alloys a 3xxx Series– (yosachiritsika kutentha – yokhala ndi mphamvu yokoka ya 16 mpaka 41 ksi) Izi ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu / manganese (zowonjezera za manganese kuyambira 0.05 mpaka 1.8%) ndipo ndi zamphamvu pang'ono, zimakhala ndi kukana dzimbiri bwino, zimatha kupangika bwino ndipo zimayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito koyamba chinali miphika ndi mapani, ndipo masiku ano ndi gawo lalikulu la zosinthira kutentha m'magalimoto ndi malo opangira magetsi. Komabe, mphamvu zawo zochepa nthawi zambiri zimalepheretsa kuganizira za ntchito zawo. Zida zoyambira izi zimalumikizidwa ndi zitsulo zodzaza za 1xxx, 4xxx ndi 5xxx, kutengera kapangidwe kake ndi zofunikira zinazake pa ntchito ndi ntchito.

Ma alloys a 4xxx Series– (yotha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha komanso yosatha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha – yokhala ndi mphamvu yolimba ya 25 mpaka 55 ksi) Izi ndi aluminiyamu / silicon alloys (zowonjezera za silicon kuyambira 0.6 mpaka 21.5%) ndipo ndi mndandanda wokhawo womwe uli ndi alloys zotha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha komanso zosatha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha. Silicon, ikawonjezedwa ku aluminiyamu, imachepetsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwonjezera kusinthasintha kwake ikasungunuka. Makhalidwe awa ndi ofunikira pazinthu zodzaza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizana ndi kuwotcherera ndi brazing. Chifukwa chake, mndandanda wa alloys uwu umapezeka kwambiri ngati zinthu zodzaza. Silicon, yokha mu aluminiyamu, sitha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha; komabe, angapo mwa alloys a silicon awa adapangidwa kuti akhale ndi zowonjezera za magnesium kapena mkuwa, zomwe zimawapatsa mphamvu yoyankha bwino ku chithandizo cha kutentha. Nthawi zambiri, alloys otha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati gawo lolumikizidwa likuyenera kuchitidwa chithandizo cha kutentha pambuyo pa weld.

Ma Alloys a 5xxx Series– (yosachiritsika ndi kutentha – yokhala ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri ya 18 mpaka 51 ksi) Izi ndi aluminiyamu / magnesium alloys (zowonjezera za magnesium kuyambira 0.2 mpaka 6.2%) ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri kuposa aluminiyamu omwe sachiritsika ndi kutentha. Kuphatikiza apo, mndandanda wa alloy uwu ndi wosavuta kuwotcherera, ndipo pazifukwa izi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kumanga zombo, mayendedwe, zombo zopanikizika, milatho ndi nyumba. Ma alloy a magnesium base nthawi zambiri amawotcherera ndi ma filler alloys, omwe amasankhidwa pambuyo poganizira kuchuluka kwa magnesium mu zinthu zoyambira, komanso momwe gawo logwiritsidwira ntchito ndi ntchito zake. Ma alloy mu mndandanda uwu omwe ali ndi magnesium yoposa 3.0% sakuvomerezeka kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha kwambiri kuposa 150 deg F chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kozindikira komanso kutha kusweka kwa dzimbiri. Ma alloy a base omwe ali ndi magnesium yochepera pafupifupi 2.5% nthawi zambiri amawotcherera bwino ndi ma alloy a 5xxx kapena 4xxx series filler. Chitsulo cha maziko 5052 nthawi zambiri chimadziwika kuti ndi chitsulo chachikulu cha maziko chomwe chingathe kulumikizidwa ndi chitsulo cha 4xxx series filler. Chifukwa cha mavuto okhudzana ndi kusungunuka kwa eutectic komanso zovuta zina zamakaniko zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chitsulo, sikuvomerezeka kulumikiza zinthu mu mndandanda wa zitsulozi, zomwe zili ndi magnesium yambiri ndi zitsulo za 4xxx series. Zipangizo zapamwamba za maziko a magnesium zimangolumikizidwa ndi zitsulo za 5xxx filler, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi kapangidwe ka zitsulo za maziko.

Ma Alloys a 6XXX Series– (yotha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha – yokhala ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri ya 18 mpaka 58 ksi) Izi ndi aluminiyamu / magnesium – silicon alloys (magnesium ndi silicon zowonjezera pafupifupi 1.0%) ndipo zimapezeka kwambiri m'makampani opanga zolumikizira, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati extrusions, ndipo zimaphatikizidwa muzinthu zambiri za kapangidwe kake. Kuwonjezera magnesium ndi silicon ku aluminiyamu kumapanga magnesium-silicide, yomwe imapangitsa kuti chinthuchi chikhale ndi mphamvu yotenthetsera kuti chikhale ndi mphamvu yowonjezera. Zolumikizira izi mwachilengedwe zimakhala zosavuta kuuma, ndipo pachifukwa ichi, siziyenera kulumikizidwa zokha (popanda zinthu zodzaza). Kuwonjezera zinthu zokwanira zodzaza panthawi yolumikizira arc ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kusungunuka kwa zinthu zoyambira, potero kupewa vuto la kusweka kwa kutentha. Zimalumikizidwa ndi zinthu zonse za 4xxx ndi 5xxx zodzaza, kutengera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zomwe zimafunika pa ntchito.

Ma Alloys a 7XXX Series– (yotha kuchiritsidwa ndi kutentha – yokhala ndi mphamvu yokoka ya 32 mpaka 88 ksi) Izi ndi aluminiyamu / zinc alloys (zowonjezera za zinc kuyambira 0.8 mpaka 12.0%) ndipo zimakhala ndi zina mwa aluminiyamu amphamvu kwambiri. Alloys awa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zapamwamba monga ndege, ndege, ndi zida zamasewera zampikisano. Monga mndandanda wa alloys wa 2xxx, mndandanda uwu umaphatikizapo alloys omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi osayenera kuwotcherera arc, ndi ena, omwe nthawi zambiri amawotcherera arc bwino. Alloys omwe nthawi zambiri amawotcherera mu mndandanda uwu, monga 7005, nthawi zambiri amawotcherera ndi alloys a 5xxx series filler.

Chidule- Ma aluminiyamu amakono, pamodzi ndi kutentha kwawo kosiyanasiyana, amapanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso zosiyanasiyana. Kuti pakhale kapangidwe kabwino ka zinthu komanso njira yolumikizira bwino, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa ma alloys ambiri omwe alipo ndi magwiridwe antchito awo osiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe awo olumikizirana. Popanga njira zolumikizira ma arc a ma alloys osiyanasiyana awa, kuyenera kuganiziridwa za alloy yomwe ikulumikizidwa. Nthawi zambiri amati kulumikiza ma arc a aluminiyamu sikovuta, "ndi kosiyana". Ndikukhulupirira kuti gawo lofunikira pakumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku ndikuzolowera ma alloys osiyanasiyana, makhalidwe awo, ndi njira yawo yodziwira.