Ndi kukula kwa aluminiyamu mkati mwa mafakitale opanga zowotcherera, komanso kuvomereza kwake ngati njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira zitsulo pazinthu zambiri, pali zofunikira zowonjezera kwa omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kupanga mapulojekiti a aluminiyumu kuti adziwe bwino gululi la zipangizo. Kuti mumvetse bwino aluminiyumu, ndibwino kuti muyambe kudziwana ndi chizindikiritso cha aluminiyumu / mawonekedwe, ma aluminiyamu ambiri omwe alipo komanso mawonekedwe ake.

The Aluminium Alloy Temper ndi Designation System- Ku North America, The Aluminium Association Inc. ili ndi udindo wogawa ndi kulembetsa ma alloys a aluminium. Pakali pano pali ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi 400 opangidwa ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu ndi zosakaniza zopitirira 200 zomwe zimapangidwira ndi zolembera zolembedwa ndi Aluminium Association. Malire a alloy chemical compency for all of these registered alloys ali mu Aluminium Association'sBuku la Tealmutu wakuti “International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminium and Wrought Aluminium Alloys”Buku la Pinkimutu wakuti “Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Aluminium Alloys in the Form of Castings and Ingot. Zolemba izi zitha kukhala zothandiza kwambiri kwa injiniya wowotcherera popanga njira zowotcherera, komanso ngati kuganizira za chemistry ndi kuyanjana kwake ndi kukhudzidwa kwa crack kuli kofunika.

Ma aluminiyamu aloyi amatha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri monga momwe zimakhalira ndi matenthedwe ndi makina opangira matenthedwe komanso chinthu choyambirira chophatikizira chomwe chimawonjezeredwa ku aloyi ya aluminiyamu. Tikaganizira za manambala / zizindikiritso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo za aluminiyamu, zomwe zili pamwambapa zimadziwika. Ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi opangidwa amakhala ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana ozindikiritsa. Dongosolo lopangidwa ndi manambala 4 ndipo ma castings okhala ndi manambala atatu ndi 1-decimal system system.

Dongosolo Lopanga Alloy Designation System- Poyamba tiwona kachipangizo kozindikiritsa ka aluminiyamu ka manambala 4. Nambala yoyamba (Xxxx) imasonyeza chinthu chachikulu cha alloying, chomwe chawonjezeredwa ku aluminiyumu aloyi ndipo nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza mndandanda wa aluminiyamu, mwachitsanzo, mndandanda wa 1000, mndandanda wa 2000, mndandanda wa 3000, mpaka 8000 mndandanda (onani tebulo 1).

Nambala yachiwiri imodzi (xXxx), ngati yosiyana ndi 0, ikuwonetsa kusinthidwa kwa aloyi yeniyeni, ndi manambala achitatu ndi achinayi (xx)XX) ndi manambala osasinthika omwe amaperekedwa kuti azindikire aloyi inayake pamndandanda. Chitsanzo: Mu aloyi 5183, nambala 5 imasonyeza kuti ndi yamtundu wa magnesium alloy, 1 imasonyeza kuti ndi 1.^stkusinthidwa kwa aloyi yoyambirira 5083, ndipo 83 imazindikiritsa mu mndandanda wa 5xxx.

Chokhacho pa kachitidwe ka manambala ka aloyi kamene kamakhala ndi 1xxx mndandanda wa ma aluminiyamu aloyi (ma aluminiyamu oyera) pomwe, manambala awiri omaliza amapereka maperesenti osachepera 99%, mwachitsanzo, Aloyi 13.(50)(99.50% osachepera aluminium).

WROUGHT ALUMINIUM Alloy DESIGNATION SYSTEM

Table 1

Kusankhidwa kwa Cast Alloy- Dongosolo la mayina a alloy alloy limatengera ma dijiti 3 kuphatikiza decimal xxx.x (ie 356.0). Nambala yoyamba (Xxx.x) imasonyeza chinthu chachikulu cha alloying, chomwe chawonjezeredwa ku aluminiyumu alloy (onani tebulo 2).

CAST ALUMINIUM Alloy DESIGNATION SYSTEM

Table 2

Nambala yachiwiri ndi yachitatu (xXX.x) ndi manambala omwe amaperekedwa kuti azindikire mtundu wina wa aloyi pamndandanda. Nambala yotsatira ya decimal imasonyeza ngati alloy ndi kuponyera (.0) kapena ingot (.1 kapena .2). Chilembo chachikulu chimasonyeza kusinthidwa kwa alloy inayake.
Chitsanzo: Aloyi - A356.0 likulu A (Axxx.x) akuwonetsa kusinthidwa kwa aloyi 356.0. Nambala 3 (A3xx.x) ikuwonetsa kuti ndi ya silicon kuphatikiza mkuwa ndi/kapena mndandanda wa magnesiamu. 56 mu (Ax56.0) imazindikiritsa aloyi mkati mwa mndandanda wa 3xx.x, ndi .0 (Axxx.0) limasonyeza kuti ndi mawonekedwe omaliza kuponya osati ingot.

Aluminium Temper Designation System -Ngati tilingalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma aluminiyamu aloyi, tiwona kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamakhalidwe awo ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Mfundo yoyamba kuzindikira, mutamvetsetsa kachitidwe kachizindikiritso, ndikuti pali mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya aluminiyamu yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa. Awa ndi ma Aluminiyamu a Heat Treatable Aluminiyamu (omwe angapeze mphamvu mwa kuwonjezera kutentha) ndi ma Aluminiyamu Osatentha Otentha. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku ndikofunikira makamaka poganizira momwe kuwotcherera kwa arc pamitundu iwiriyi ya zida.

Ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi 1xxx, 3xxx, ndi 5xxx samatha kutentha ndipo amatha kulimba kokha. Ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi 2xxx, 6xxx, ndi 7xxx 7xxx amatha kutentha kutentha ndipo mndandanda wa 4xxx uli ndi ma aloyi omwe amatha kutentha komanso osawotcha. Ma aloyi a 2xx.x, 3xx.x, 4xx.x ndi 7xx.x amatha kutentha. Kulimbitsa mphamvu sikumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.

Ma alloys omwe amatha kuchiritsa kutentha amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake abwino kwambiri akamawotcha, mankhwala omwe amapezeka kwambiri ndi Solution Heat Treatment ndi Artificial Aging. Solution Heat Chithandizo ndi njira yotenthetsera aloyi ku kutentha kokwera (kuzungulira 990 Deg. F) kuti aike zinthu zophatikizira kapena mankhwala kuti athetse. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi kuzimitsidwa, nthawi zambiri m'madzi, kuti apange madzi owonjezera kutentha kutentha. Njira yothetsera kutentha nthawi zambiri imatsatiridwa ndi kukalamba. Ukalamba ndi mvula ya gawo la maelementi kapena zophatikizika kuchokera ku yankho la supersaturated kuti apereke zinthu zofunika.

Ma alloys osatenthedwa amatha kukhala ndi makina abwino kwambiri kudzera mu Strain Hardening. Kulimbitsa mphamvu ndi njira yowonjezera mphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito kuzizira.T6, 6063-T4, 5052-H32, 5083-H112.

ZOYENERA KUPIRIRA KWAMBIRI

Table 3

Kuphatikiza pa kupsa mtima, pali magulu awiri ogawa, limodzi lolankhula za "H" Kutentha - Kuwumitsa Kupsinjika, ndipo linalo likunena za "T" Kutentha - Kutentha kwa Thermally.

Magawo a H Temper - Kuvuta Kwambiri

Nambala yoyamba pambuyo pa H ikuwonetsa ntchito yoyambira:
H1- Kupsyinjika Kowuma.
H2- Kupsinjika Kwaumitsidwa komanso Kuphatikizidwa pang'ono.
H3- Kuvuta Kwambiri Ndi Kukhazikika.
H4- Kuvuta Kwambiri ndi Kupaka kapena Kupaka utoto.

Nambala yachiwiri pambuyo pa H ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kuuma kwa zovuta:
HX2- Quarter Hard HX4- Half Hard HX6-Magawo atatu ovuta
HX8- Full Hard HX9- Zovuta Kwambiri

Magawo a T Temper - Othandizidwa ndi Thermally

T1- Wokalamba mwachibadwa pambuyo pozizira kuchokera kumalo okwera kutentha, monga extruding.
T2- Kuzizira kumagwira ntchito pambuyo pozizirira kuchokera ku kutentha kokwera kwambiri ndikukalamba mwachibadwa.
T3- Njira yothetsera kutentha, kuzizira ntchito komanso kukalamba mwachibadwa.
T4- Njira yothetsera kutentha ndi yokalamba mwachibadwa.
T5- Wokalamba mochita kuzizirira chifukwa cha kutentha kwapamwamba.
T6- Njira yothetsera kutentha ndi kukalamba mochita kupanga.
T7- Njira yothetsera kutentha ndi kukhazikika (yochuluka).
T8- Njira yothetsera kutentha, kuzizira inagwira ntchito komanso yokalamba.
T9- Solution kutentha mankhwala, yokumba okalamba ndi ozizira ntchito.
T10- Kuzizira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pozizira kuchokera ku kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri ndikukhala okalamba.

Manambala owonjezera akuwonetsa kumasuka kupsinjika.
Zitsanzo:
TX51kapena TXX51- Kupsinjika maganizo kumachepetsedwa ndi kutambasula.
TX52kapena TXX52- Kupsyinjika kumachepetsedwa ndi kukanikiza.

Ma Aluminiyamu Aloyi Ndi Makhalidwe Awo- Ngati tilingalira zamitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya ma aluminiyamu opangidwa, tidzayamikira kusiyana kwawo ndikumvetsetsa momwe amagwiritsira ntchito ndi mawonekedwe awo.

1xxx Series Aloyi- (osachiritsika kutentha - ndi mphamvu yomaliza ya 10 mpaka 27 ksi) mndandandawu nthawi zambiri umatchedwa mndandanda wa aluminiyumu wangwiro chifukwa umayenera kukhala ndi 99.0% osachepera aluminium. Iwo ndi weldable. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwawo kocheperako, amafunikira malingaliro ena kuti apange njira zovomerezeka zowotcherera. Akaganiziridwa kuti apange, ma alloy awa amasankhidwa makamaka chifukwa cha kukana kwawo kwa dzimbiri, monga akasinja apadera amankhwala ndi mapaipi, kapena chifukwa champhamvu yake yamagetsi monga momwe amachitira mabasi. Ma aloyiwa ali ndi zida zosasinthika bwino zamakina ndipo sangaganizidwe kuti amangogwiritsidwa ntchito wamba. Ma alloys oyambira awa nthawi zambiri amawokeredwa ndi zinthu zofananira zodzaza kapena zokhala ndi ma aloyi a 4xxx kutengera ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito.

2xxx Series Aloyi- (kutentha kungathe kuchiritsidwa- ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka ya 27 mpaka 62 ksi) izi ndi aluminiyamu / zamkuwa (zowonjezera zamkuwa kuyambira 0.7 mpaka 6.8%), ndipo zimakhala zolimba kwambiri, zopangira ntchito zapamwamba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pazamlengalenga ndi ndege. Ali ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Zina mwazitsulozi zimaonedwa kuti sizowotcherera ndi njira zowotcherera za arc chifukwa cha kutengeka kwawo kuphulika ndi kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri; Komabe, ena ndi arc welded bwino kwambiri ndi njira kuwotcherera olondola. Zida zoyambira izi nthawi zambiri zimawokeredwa ndi ma aloyi amphamvu kwambiri a 2xxx omwe amapangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito, koma nthawi zina amatha kuwotcherera ndi zojambulira za 4xxx zokhala ndi silicon kapena silicon ndi mkuwa, kutengera kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ntchito.

3xxx Series Aloyi- (zosachiritsika kutentha - zokhala ndi mphamvu zolimba za 16 mpaka 41 ksi) Awa ndi ma aluminiyamu / manganese aloyi (zowonjezera za manganese kuyambira 0.05 mpaka 1.8%) ndipo ndi amphamvu pang'ono, osachita dzimbiri, amapangidwa bwino ndipo ndi oyenera. zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kokwera. Chimodzi mwazogwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba chinali miphika ndi mapoto, ndipo ndizomwe zili zofunika kwambiri masiku ano zosinthira kutentha m'magalimoto ndi magetsi. Kulimba kwawo pang'ono, komabe, nthawi zambiri kumalepheretsa kulingalira kwawo kwa magwiridwe antchito. Ma alloys oyambira awa amawotcherera ndi ma aloyi a 1xxx, 4xxx ndi 5xxx mndandanda wazodzaza, kutengera chemistry yawo komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ntchito.

4xxx Series Aloyi- (kutentha kungathe kuchiritsidwa komanso kosatentha - kokhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka ya 25 mpaka 55 ksi) Awa ndi ma aluminiyamu / silicon alloys (zowonjezera za silicon kuyambira 0.6 mpaka 21.5%) ndipo ndi mndandanda wokhawo womwe uli ndi kutentha komanso kosachiritsika ma aloyi ochiritsira kutentha. Silicon, ikawonjezeredwa ku aluminiyamu, imachepetsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwongolera madzi ake akasungunuka. Makhalidwewa ndi ofunikira pazida zodzaza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera komanso kuwotcherera. Chifukwa chake, mndandanda wa ma alloys awa amapezeka makamaka ngati zinthu zodzaza. Silicon, paokha mu aluminiyamu, sichitha kutentha; Komabe, ma aloyi angapo a silicon adapangidwa kuti akhale ndi zowonjezera za magnesium kapena mkuwa, zomwe zimawapatsa mwayi woyankha bwino pakuthana ndi kutentha. Nthawi zambiri, ma aloyi otha kutentha awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati chowotcherera chikuyenera kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala otenthetsera.

5xxx Series Aloyi- (osachiritsika kutentha - ndi mphamvu yomaliza ya 18 mpaka 51 ksi) Awa ndi ma aluminiyamu / magnesiamu aloyi (zowonjezera za magnesium kuyambira 0.2 mpaka 6.2%) ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri zazitsulo zosagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha. Kuphatikiza apo, mndandanda wa alloy uwu ndi wowotcherera mosavuta, ndipo pazifukwa izi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kupanga zombo, zoyendera, zotengera zokakamiza, milatho ndi nyumba. Magnesium base alloys nthawi zambiri amawotcherera ndi ma filler alloys, omwe amasankhidwa pambuyo poganizira zomwe zili m'munsi mwa magnesiamu, komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ntchito za gawo lowotcherera. Ma aloyi omwe ali ndi magnesiamu opitilira 3.0% samalimbikitsidwa kuti azitha kutentha kwambiri kuposa 150 deg F chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo pakudziwitsidwa komanso kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri. Ma aloyi oyambira okhala ndi magnesiamu wochepera pafupifupi 2.5% nthawi zambiri amawotcherera bwino ndi ma aloyi a 5xxx kapena 4xxx. Aloyi yoyambira 5052 nthawi zambiri imadziwika kuti ndi gawo lalikulu la magnesium zomwe zimatha kuwotcherera ndi aloyi ya 4xxx. Chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusungunuka kwa eutectic komanso kulumikizidwa kosauka kwa mawotchi, sikovomerezeka kuwotcherera zinthu zamtundu wa aloyi, zomwe zili ndi magnesiamu wochulukirapo wokhala ndi zodzaza 4xxx. Zida zam'munsi za magnesium zimangotenthedwa ndi ma aloyi a 5xxx, omwe nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi kapangidwe ka alloy.

6XXX Series Aloyi- (kutentha kungathe kuchiritsidwa - ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka ya 18 mpaka 58 ksi) Awa ndi ma aluminiyamu / magnesium - silicon alloys (magnesium ndi silicon yowonjezera pafupifupi 1.0%) ndipo amapezeka kwambiri m'makampani opanga zowotcherera, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati mawonekedwe a extrusions, ndikuphatikizidwa muzinthu zambiri zamapangidwe. Kuphatikizika kwa magnesium ndi silicon ku aluminiyumu kumapanga gulu la magnesium-silicide, lomwe limapereka izi kuthekera kwake kukhala yankho lotenthetsera kutentha kwamphamvu. Ma alloys awa mwachilengedwe amalimbitsa ming'alu, ndipo pachifukwa ichi, sayenera kukhala arc welded autogenously (popanda zinthu zodzaza). Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zokwanira zodzaza zinthu panthawi yowotcherera arc ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kusungunuka kwa zinthu zoyambira, potero kupewa vuto losweka. Amawotcherera ndi zida zonse za 4xxx ndi 5xxx, kutengera ntchito ndi zofunikira zautumiki.

7XXX Series Aloyi- (kutentha kungathe kuchiritsidwa - ndi mphamvu yomaliza ya 32 mpaka 88 ksi) Awa ndi ma aluminiyamu / zinc alloys (zowonjezera za zinki kuyambira 0.8 mpaka 12.0%) ndipo zimakhala ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri za aluminiyamu. Ma alloys awa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita bwino kwambiri monga ndege, zakuthambo, ndi zida zampikisano zamasewera. Monga ma aloyi a 2xxx, mndandandawu umaphatikizapo zosakaniza zomwe zimawonedwa ngati zosayenera kuwotcherera arc, ndi ena, omwe nthawi zambiri amawotcherera bwino arc. Ma aloyi omwe amawotcherera nthawi zambiri mndandandawu, monga 7005, amakhala wowotcherera kwambiri ndi ma aloyi a 5xxx.

Chidule- Masiku ano ma aluminiyamu aloyi, pamodzi ndi kupsya mtima kwawo kosiyanasiyana, amakhala ndi zida zambiri zopangira zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kuti apange mapangidwe abwino kwambiri azinthu ndi chitukuko cha njira zowotcherera bwino, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa ma aloyi ambiri omwe alipo komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe amawotcherera. Popanga njira zowotcherera arc zama aloyi osiyanasiyanawa, kuyenera kuganiziridwa za aloyiyo omwe amawotcherera. Nthawi zambiri amanenedwa kuti kuwotcherera kwa aluminiyamu sikovuta, "ndizosiyana". Ndikukhulupirira kuti gawo lofunikira pakumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku ndikudziwa bwino ma alloys osiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe awo, komanso kachitidwe kawo kazizindikiro.