Kupereka magwero okhazikika a magetsi ndi chimodzi mwazovuta kwambiri zazaka za zana lino. Malo ofufuza pazida zotungira mphamvu amachokera ku zolimbikitsa izi, kuphatikiza thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 ndi thermophotovoltaics3. Ngakhale tilibe zida ndi zida zomwe zimatha kukolola mphamvu mumtundu wa Joule, zida za pyroelectric zomwe zimatha kusintha mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala kusintha kwa kutentha kwanthawi ndi nthawi zimatengedwa ngati masensa4 ndi okolola mphamvu5,6,7. Pano tapanga makina opangira mphamvu zotentha macroscopic mu mawonekedwe a multilayer capacitor opangidwa ndi 42 magalamu a lead scandium tantalate, kupanga 11.2 J ya mphamvu yamagetsi pa thermodynamic cycle. Gawo lililonse la pyroelectric limatha kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi mpaka 4.43 J cm-3 pa kuzungulira. Tikuwonetsanso kuti ma module awiri olemera a 0.3 g ndi okwanira kupitiliza mphamvu zokolola mphamvu zodziyimira pawokha zokhala ndi ma microcontrollers ophatikizidwa ndi masensa a kutentha. Pomaliza, tikuwonetsa kuti kutentha kwa 10 K, ma multilayer capacitor awa amatha kufikira 40% Carnot dzuwa. Zinthuzi zimachitika chifukwa cha (1) kusintha kwa gawo la ferroelectric kuti ligwire bwino ntchito, (2) kutsika pang'ono poletsa kutayika, komanso (3) mphamvu yamagetsi yowononga kwambiri. Ma macroscopic, scalable and pyroelectric power okolola bwino akuganiziranso kupanga magetsi a thermoelectric.
Poyerekeza ndi kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono komwe kumafunikira pazida zamagetsi zamagetsi, kukolola mphamvu zazinthu zamagetsi kumafuna kuyendetsa njinga pakapita nthawi. Izi zikutanthauza kuzungulira kwa thermodynamic, komwe kumafotokozedwa bwino ndi chithunzi cha entropy (S) -temperature (T). Chithunzi 1a chikuwonetsa chiwembu cha ST cha zinthu zopanda mzere wa pyroelectric (NLP) zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa gawo loyendetsedwa ndi ferroelectric-paraelectric mu scandium lead tantalate (PST). Zigawo za buluu ndi zobiriwira za kuzungulira pa chithunzi cha ST zimagwirizana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yosinthidwa mumayendedwe a Olson (magawo awiri a isothermal ndi awiri a isopole). Pano tikuwona maulendo awiri omwe ali ndi kusintha kwa magetsi komweko (munda ndi kutseka) ndi kusintha kwa kutentha ΔT, ngakhale ndi kutentha koyambirira. Kuzungulira kobiriwira sikuli mu gawo la kusintha kwa gawo ndipo motero kumakhala ndi dera laling'ono kwambiri kuposa buluu la buluu lomwe lili mu gawo la kusintha kwa gawo. Mu chithunzi cha ST, malo akuluakulu, mphamvu zosonkhanitsidwa zimakulirakulira. Choncho, kusintha kwa gawo kuyenera kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zambiri. Kufunika kwapang'onopang'ono kwapang'onopang'ono ku NLP ndikofanana kwambiri ndi kufunikira kwa ma electrothermal applications9, 10, 11, 12 pomwe PST multilayer capacitor (MLCs) ndi PVDF-based terpolymers posachedwapa awonetsa magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri. kuziziritsa magwiridwe antchito mu cycle 13,14,15,16. Chifukwa chake, tazindikira ma PST MLCs omwe ali ndi chidwi pakukolola mphamvu zamafuta. Zitsanzozi zafotokozedwa bwino m'njirazo ndipo zimadziwika muzolemba zowonjezera 1 (kujambula ma electron microscopy), 2 (X-ray diffraction) ndi 3 (calorimetry).
a, Sketch of an entropy (S) -temperature (T) chiwembu chokhala ndi magetsi akuyatsidwa ndi kuzimitsidwa kuzinthu za NLP zowonetsa kusintha kwa gawo. Njira ziwiri zosonkhanitsira mphamvu zimawonetsedwa m'magawo awiri osiyana kutentha. Kuzungulira kwa buluu ndi kobiriwira kumachitika mkati ndi kunja kwa kusintha kwa gawo, motsatana, ndikutha m'magawo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. b, mphete ziwiri za DE PST MLC za unipolar, 1 mm wandiweyani, zoyezera pakati pa 0 ndi 155 kV cm-1 pa 20 ° C ndi 90 ° C, motsatira, ndi maulendo a Olsen ofanana. Zilembo za ABCD zimatanthawuza ku mayiko osiyanasiyana mumayendedwe a Olson. AB: Ma MLC amaperekedwa ku 155 kV cm-1 pa 20°C. BC: MLC inasungidwa pa 155 kV cm-1 ndipo kutentha kunakwezedwa ku 90 °C. CD: MLC imatuluka pa 90 ° C. DA: MLC yazizira mpaka 20 ° C m'munda wa ziro. Dera la buluu limagwirizana ndi mphamvu zolowetsa zomwe zimafunikira kuti muyambe kuzungulira. Dera la lalanje ndi mphamvu yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa mumzere umodzi. c, gulu lapamwamba, magetsi (wakuda) ndi apano (ofiira) motsutsana ndi nthawi, omwe amatsatiridwa panthawi yomweyi ya Olson monga b. Zoyika ziwirizi zikuyimira kukulitsa kwamagetsi komanso komwe kuli pazigawo zazikuluzikulu mumayendedwe. Pansi pake, ma curve achikasu ndi obiriwira amayimira kutentha kofananira ndi ma curve amphamvu, motsatana, kwa 1 mm wandiweyani MLC. Mphamvu zimawerengedwa kuchokera ku ma curve apano ndi ma voliyumu pagawo lapamwamba. Mphamvu zopanda pake zimagwirizana ndi mphamvu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa. Masitepe omwe amafanana ndi zilembo zazikulu muzithunzi zinayi ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika mu Olson cycle. Kuzungulira kwa AB'CD kumagwirizana ndi Stirling cycle (zowonjezera 7).
kumene E ndi D ndi malo amagetsi ndi malo osunthira magetsi, motero. Nd ikhoza kupezedwa mosadukiza kuchokera ku dera la DE (mkuyu 1b) kapena mwachindunji poyambira kuzungulira kwa thermodynamic. Njira zothandiza kwambiri zinafotokozedwa ndi Olsen mu ntchito yake yaupainiya yosonkhanitsa mphamvu ya pyroelectric mu 1980s17.
Pa mkuyu. 1b ikuwonetsa malupu awiri a DE monopolar a 1 mm wokhuthala PST-MLC toyesa zosonkhanitsidwa pa 20 °C ndi 90 °C, motsatana, pamtunda wa 0 mpaka 155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Zozungulira ziwirizi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera molakwika mphamvu zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi kuzungulira kwa Olson komwe kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1a. Ndipotu, kuzungulira kwa Olsen kumakhala ndi nthambi ziwiri za isofield (pano, zero munda mu nthambi ya DA ndi 155 kV cm-1 mu nthambi ya BC) ndi nthambi ziwiri za isothermal (pano, 20 ° С ndi 20 ° С mu nthambi ya AB) . C munthambi ya CD) Mphamvu zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa panthawi yozungulira zimagwirizana ndi zigawo za lalanje ndi buluu (EdD integral). The anasonkhanitsa mphamvu Nd ndi kusiyana athandizira ndi linanena bungwe mphamvu, mwachitsanzo kokha dera lalanje mkuyu. 1b . Kuzungulira kwa Olson kumeneku kumapereka mphamvu ya Nd ya 1.78 J cm-3. Kuzungulira kwa Stirling ndi njira ina yosinthira Olson (Supplementary Note 7). Chifukwa siteji yamalipiro osalekeza (lotseguka dera) mosavuta kufika, kachulukidwe mphamvu yotengedwa Mkuyu. 1b (mkombero AB'CD) kufika 1.25 J cm-3. Izi ndi 70% yokha ya zomwe Olson angatengere, koma zida zosavuta zokolola zimatero.
Kuphatikiza apo, tidayezera mwachindunji mphamvu zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa panthawi ya Olson polimbikitsa PST MLC pogwiritsa ntchito gawo lowongolera kutentha kwa Linkam ndi mita yoyambira (njira). Chithunzi 1c pamwamba ndi m'ma insets amasonyeza panopa (wofiira) ndi voteji (wakuda) anasonkhanitsidwa chimodzimodzi 1 mamilimita wandiweyani PST MLC monga kwa DE kuzungulira kudutsa mkombero chomwecho Olson. Zomwe zilipo komanso magetsi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuwerengera mphamvu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa, ndipo ma curve akuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 1c, pansi (wobiriwira) ndi kutentha (chikasu) nthawi yonseyi. Malembo a ABCD amaimira Olson cycle yofanana mu Mkuyu 1. Kulipiritsa kwa MLC kumachitika pa mwendo wa AB ndipo kumachitika pamtunda wochepa (200 µA), kotero SourceMeter ikhoza kulamulira bwino kulipira. Zotsatira za nthawi zonse koyamba panopa ndi kuti voteji pamapindikira (wakuda pamapindikira) si liniya chifukwa sanali liniya angathe kusamutsidwa kumunda D PST (mkuyu. 1c, pamwamba malowedwe). Kumapeto kwa kulipiritsa, 30 mJ ya mphamvu yamagetsi imasungidwa mu MLC (point B). MLC ndiye imatenthetsa ndipo mpweya woipa (ndipo chifukwa chake mpweya woipa) umapangidwa pamene voteji imakhalabe pa 600 V. Pambuyo pa 40 s, pamene kutentha kunafika pamtunda wa 90 ° C, panopa adalipidwa, ngakhale chitsanzo cha sitepe. opangidwa mu dera mphamvu yamagetsi ya 35 mJ pa isofield iyi (gawo lachiwiri mumkuyu 1c, pamwamba). Mphamvu yamagetsi pa MLC (CD yanthambi) imachepetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi awonjezere 60 mJ. Mphamvu zonse zotulutsa ndi 95 mJ. Mphamvu zosonkhanitsidwa ndizosiyana pakati pa zolowetsa ndi zotulutsa mphamvu, zomwe zimapereka 95 - 30 = 65 mJ. Izi zikufanana ndi mphamvu ya mphamvu ya 1.84 J cm-3, yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi Nd yotengedwa ku DE mphete. Kupangidwanso kwa kuzungulira kwa Olson kumeneku kwayesedwa kwambiri (Supplementary Note 4). Powonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi ndi kutentha, tinapeza 4.43 J cm-3 pogwiritsa ntchito maulendo a Olsen mu 0.5 mm wandiweyani wa PST MLC pa kutentha kwa 750 V (195 kV cm-1) ndi 175 ° C (Supplementary Note 5). Izi ndizowonjezereka kanayi kuposa momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'mabuku otsogolera Olson mwachindunji ndipo zinapezedwa pa mafilimu owonda kwambiri a Pb(Mg,Nb)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm .Supplementary Table 1 kuti mudziwe zambiri m'mabuku). Ntchitoyi yafikiridwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwaposachedwa kwa ma MLC awa (<10−7 A pa 750 V ndi 180 °C, onani zambiri mu Supplementary Note 6)—mfundo yofunika yomwe Smith et al.19 adatchula—mosiyana. kuzinthu zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro oyamba17,20. Ntchitoyi yafikiridwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwaposachedwa kwa ma MLC awa (<10−7 A pa 750 V ndi 180 °C, onani zambiri mu Supplementary Note 6)—mfundo yofunika yomwe Smith et al.19 adatchula—mosiyana. kuzinthu zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro oyamba17,20. Эти характеристики были достигнуты благодаря очень низкому току утечки этих MLC (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см ритический момент, упомянутый Смитом ndi др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. Makhalidwewa adakwaniritsidwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ma MLC awa (<10-7 A pa 750 V ndi 180 °C, onani Supplementary Note 6 kuti mumve zambiri) - mfundo yovuta yotchulidwa ndi Smith et al. 19 - mosiyana ndi zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro oyambirira17,20.由于這些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 的详细伉 的详细伉 的详细伉 人明6 明6 明6 明6 恶细键点——相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17,20.由于 這些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 750 V & 180 ° C时 <10-7 A , 参见补充说明 ） 中 明 ） ） ） ） ））人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下 相比相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下究中使用的材料17.20. Поскольку ток утечки этих MLC очень низкий (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. подробности в дополнительном примечании 6) др. 19 - kuchitira umboni, были достигнуты эти характеристики. Popeza kutayikira kwa ma MLC awa ndikotsika kwambiri (<10-7 A pa 750 V ndi 180 °C, onani Supplementary Note 6 kuti mumve zambiri) - mfundo yofunika yotchulidwa ndi Smith et al. 19 - poyerekeza, machitidwewa adakwaniritsidwa.ku zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro oyambirira 17,20.
Zomwezo (600 V, 20-90 ° C) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Stirling cycle (Supplementary note 7). Monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa kuchokera ku zotsatira za kuzungulira kwa DE, zokolola zinali 41.0 mJ. Chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri pamayendedwe a Stirling ndi kuthekera kwawo kukulitsa voteji yoyamba kudzera mumphamvu yamagetsi. Tinawona phindu lamagetsi mpaka 39 (kuchokera pamagetsi oyambirira a 15 V mpaka kumapeto kwa magetsi mpaka 590 V, onani Supplementary Fig. 7.2).
Chinthu china chosiyanitsa cha ma MLC awa ndikuti ndi zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimatha kusonkhanitsa mphamvu mumtundu wa joule. Choncho, tinapanga chokolola cha prototype (HARV1) pogwiritsa ntchito 28 MLC PST 1 mm wandiweyani, motsatira ndondomeko yofanana ya mbale yomwe ikufotokozedwa ndi Torello et al.14, mu matrix 7 × 4 monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu. Kutentha kwa dielectric fluid manifold amachotsedwa ndi pampu ya peristaltic pakati pa ma reservoirs awiri pomwe kutentha kwamadzi kumasungidwa (njira). Sungani mpaka 3.1 J pogwiritsa ntchito kuzungulira kwa Olson komwe kufotokozedwa mkuyu. 2a, madera a isothermal pa 10°C ndi 125°C ndi madera a isofield pa 0 ndi 750 V (195 kV cm-1). Izi zikufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kwa 3.14 J cm-3. Pogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza uku, miyeso idatengedwa pansi pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana (mkuyu 2b). Dziwani kuti 1.8 J inapezedwa pa kutentha kwa 80 °C ndi magetsi a 600 V (155 kV cm-1). Izi zikugwirizana bwino ndi zomwe zatchulidwa kale 65 mJ za 1 mm wandiweyani wa PST MLC pansi pamikhalidwe yomweyi (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Kukonzekera koyeserera kwa prototype yophatikizidwa ya HARV1 kutengera ma 28 MLC PSTs 1 mm wokhuthala (mizere 4 × mizati 7) yomwe ikuyenda pa Olson cycles. Pazigawo zinayi zozungulira, kutentha ndi magetsi zimaperekedwa mu prototype. Kompyutayo imayendetsa pampu ya peristaltic yomwe imayendetsa madzi a dielectric pakati pa malo ozizira ndi otentha, ma valve awiri, ndi gwero la mphamvu. Kompyutayo imagwiritsanso ntchito ma thermocouples kusonkhanitsa deta pamagetsi ndi zamakono zomwe zimaperekedwa ku prototype ndi kutentha kwa chophatikiza kuchokera kumagetsi. b, Mphamvu (mtundu) zosonkhanitsidwa ndi 4 × 7 MLC prototype versus kutentha (X-axis) ndi voltage (Y-axis) muzoyesera zosiyanasiyana.
Mtundu wokulirapo wa chotuta (HARV2) wokhala ndi 60 PST MLC 1 mm wokhuthala ndi 160 PST MLC 0.5 mm wokhuthala (41.7 g active pyroelectric material) unapereka 11.2 J (Supplementary Note 8). Mu 1984, Olsen anapanga chotunira mphamvu chotengera 317 g ya tin-doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 compound yomwe imatha kupanga 6.23 J yamagetsi pa kutentha pafupifupi 150 °C (ref. 21). Pa kuphatikiza uku, ichi ndi mtengo wokhawo womwe ukupezeka mumtundu wa joule. Zinangotsala pang'ono kupitirira theka la mtengo umene tinapeza ndipo pafupifupi kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kawiri kuchuluka kwake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kwa HARV2 ndikokwera kuwirikiza ka 13.
Nthawi yozungulira ya HARV1 ndi masekondi 57. Izi zinapanga mphamvu ya 54 mW yokhala ndi mizere 4 ya mizati 7 ya 1 mm wandiweyani wa MLC seti. Kuti tipitirire patsogolo, tinapanga chophatikizira chachitatu (HARV3) chokhala ndi PST MLC yokhuthala 0.5mm ndi kukhazikitsidwa kofananako kwa HARV1 ndi HARV2 (Supplementary Note 9). Tidayeza nthawi yotenthetsera masekondi 12.5. Izi zikufanana ndi nthawi yozungulira ya 25 s (Supplementary Fig. 9). Mphamvu yosonkhanitsidwa (47 mJ) imapereka mphamvu yamagetsi ya 1.95 mW pa MLC, zomwe zimatipangitsa kulingalira kuti HARV2 imapanga 0.55 W (pafupifupi 1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC 0.5 mm wandiweyani). Kuphatikiza apo, tidayerekeza kutengera kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito Finite Element Simulation (COMSOL, Supplementary Note 10 ndi Supplementary Tables 2-4) mogwirizana ndi kuyesa kwa HARV1. Finite element modeling idapangitsa kuti zitheke kulosera zamphamvu zamphamvu pafupifupi kuchuluka kwamphamvu (430 mW) pamizere yofanana ya PST pochepetsa MLC mpaka 0.2 mm, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati choziziritsa, ndikubwezeretsa masanjidwewo kukhala mizere 7. . × mizati 4 (kuphatikiza , panali 960 mW pamene thanki inali pafupi ndi kuphatikiza, Supplementary Fig. 10b).
Kuti awonetse kufunika kwa wosonkhanitsa uyu, Stirling cycle inagwiritsidwa ntchito powonetsera yekhayokha yokhala ndi ma PST MLC awiri okha a 0.5 mm monga otolera kutentha, kusintha kwa magetsi, kutsika kwa magetsi ndi capacitor yosungirako, chosinthira DC / DC. , chowongolera chochepa champhamvu, ma thermocouples awiri ndi chosinthira chowonjezera (Supplementary Note 11). Derali limafuna kuti capacitor yosungirayo iperekedwe pa 9V kenako imayenda mokhazikika pomwe kutentha kwa ma MLC awiriwa kumayambira -5 ° C mpaka 85 ° C, apa mozungulira 160 s (zozungulira zingapo zikuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Note 11) . Chodabwitsa, ma MLC awiri olemera 0.3g okha amatha kuwongolera dongosolo lalikululi. Chinthu china chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti otsika voteji Converter amatha kusintha 400V kuti 10-15V ndi 79% dzuwa (Supplementary Note 11 ndi Supplementary Chithunzi 11.3).
Pomaliza, tidawunika momwe ma module a MLC awa amathandizira pakusinthira mphamvu zotentha kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. Ubwino wa η wochita bwino umatanthauzidwa ngati chiŵerengero cha kachulukidwe ka mphamvu yamagetsi yosonkhanitsidwa Nd ku kachulukidwe ka kutentha komwe kumaperekedwa Qin (Cholemba chowonjezera 12):
Zithunzi 3a,b zikuwonetsa kuchita bwino kwa η ndi kukwanira bwino ηr kwa kuzungulira kwa Olsen, motsatana, monga ntchito ya kutentha kwa 0.5 mm wandiweyani wa PST MLC. Ma data onsewa amaperekedwa pagawo lamagetsi la 195 kV cm-1. Kuchita bwino \(\this\) kufika pa 1.43%, yomwe ili yofanana ndi 18% ya ηr. Komabe, pa kutentha kwa 10 K kuchokera ku 25 °C mpaka 35 °C, ηr imafika pamtengo mpaka 40% (mapindikira a buluu mumkuyu 3b). Izi ndizowirikiza kawiri mtengo wodziwika wa zipangizo za NLP zolembedwa mu mafilimu a PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) mu kutentha kwa 10 K ndi 300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). Kutentha kwapakati pa 10 K sikunaganizidwe chifukwa kutentha kwa kutentha kwa PST MLC kuli pakati pa 5 ndi 8 K. Kuzindikira zotsatira zabwino za kusintha kwa gawo pakuchita bwino ndikofunikira. M'malo mwake, mayendedwe abwino a η ndi ηr pafupifupi onse amapezeka pakutentha koyambirira kwa Ti = 25 ° C mu Nkhuyu. 3a,b. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha kusintha kwapafupi pamene palibe gawo lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo kutentha kwa Curie TC kuli pafupi ndi 20 °C m'ma MLC awa (Supplementary note 13).
a,b, kuchita bwino η komanso kukwanira bwino kwa kuzungulira kwa Olson (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot} } kwa magetsi apamwamba kwambiri ndi gawo la 195 kV cm-1 ndi kutentha koyambirira kosiyana kwa Ti, }}\,\)(b) kwa MPC PST 0.5 mm wandiweyani, kutengera nthawi ya kutentha ΔTspan.
Kuwona komalizaku kuli ndi zofunikira ziwiri: (1) kupalasa njinga mogwira mtima kuyenera kuyamba pa kutentha pamwamba pa TC kuti kusintha kwa gawo lopangidwa ndi munda (kuchokera ku paraelectric kupita ku ferroelectric) kuchitike; (2) zipangizozi zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri panthawi yothamanga pafupi ndi TC. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu zazikuluzikulu zikuwonetsedwa muzoyesera zathu, kutentha kochepa sikumatilola kuti tikwaniritse zogwira mtima zazikulu chifukwa cha malire a Carnot (\(\ Delta T / T\)). Komabe, kuchita bwino kwambiri kosonyezedwa ndi ma PST MLC awa kumalungamitsa Olsen pamene akunena kuti "gulu labwino la 20 regenerative thermoelectric motor lomwe limagwira ntchito pa kutentha pakati pa 50 °C ndi 250 °C likhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu ya 30%"17. Kuti mukwaniritse izi ndikuyesa lingalirolo, zingakhale zothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito ma PST okhala ndi ma TC osiyanasiyana, monga momwe Shebanov ndi Borman adaphunzirira. Iwo anasonyeza kuti TC mu PST akhoza kusiyana 3 ° C (Sb doping) kuti 33 ° C (Ti doping) 22 . Chifukwa chake, timayerekeza kuti m'badwo wotsatira wa pyroelectric regenerators kutengera PST MLCs kapena zida zina zokhala ndi kusintha kolimba koyambira koyamba zitha kupikisana ndi okolola bwino kwambiri magetsi.
Mu kafukufukuyu, tidafufuza ma MLC opangidwa kuchokera ku PST. Zipangizozi zimakhala ndi ma electrode angapo a Pt ndi PST, pomwe ma capacitor angapo amalumikizidwa limodzi. PST idasankhidwa chifukwa ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri za EC motero ndizinthu zabwino kwambiri za NLP. Ikuwonetsa kusintha kwakuthwa koyamba kwa ferroelectric-paraelectric gawo mozungulira 20 ° C, kuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwake kwa entropy kuli kofanana ndi komwe kukuwonetsedwa mkuyu. Mu phunziro ili, tinagwiritsa ntchito 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ ndi 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³ MLCs. Ma MLC okhala ndi makulidwe a 1 mm ndi 0.5 mm adapangidwa kuchokera ku 19 ndi 9 zigawo za PST ndi makulidwe a 38.6 µm, motsatana. Muzochitika zonsezi, gawo lamkati la PST linayikidwa pakati pa 2.05 µm wandiweyani wa platinamu maelekitirodi. Mapangidwe a MLC awa amalingalira kuti 55% ya PSTs ikugwira ntchito, yofanana ndi gawo pakati pa ma electrode (Supplementary Note 1). Malo ogwiritsira ntchito electrode anali 48.7 mm2 (Supplementary Table 5). MLC PST idakonzedwa ndi gawo lolimba komanso njira yoponyera. Tsatanetsatane wa ndondomeko yokonzekera zafotokozedwa m'nkhani yapitayi14. Chimodzi mwa kusiyana pakati pa PST MLC ndi nkhani yapitayi ndi dongosolo la B-malo, lomwe limakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya EC mu PST. Dongosolo la B-sites a PST MLC ndi 0.75 (Supplementary Note 2) yopezedwa ndi sintering pa 1400°C kutsatiridwa ndi mazana a maola annealing pa 1000°C. Kuti mumve zambiri za PST MLC, onani Supplementary Notes 1-3 ndi Supplementary Table 5.
Lingaliro lalikulu la phunziroli likuchokera ku Olson cycle (mkuyu 1). Pakuzungulira kotere, timafunikira chosungira chotentha ndi chozizira komanso magetsi omwe amatha kuyang'anira ndikuwongolera ma voliyumu ndi apano m'ma module osiyanasiyana a MLC. Kuzungulira kwachindunji kumeneku kunagwiritsa ntchito masinthidwe awiri osiyana, omwe ndi (1) Kutentha kwa ma module a Linkam ndi kuziziritsa MLC imodzi yolumikizidwa ndi gwero lamagetsi la Keithley 2410, ndi (2) ma prototypes atatu (HARV1, HARV2 ndi HARV3) molumikizana ndi mphamvu yomweyo. Pamapeto pake, dielectric fluid (mafuta a silicone okhala ndi viscosity ya 5 cP pa 25 ° C, ogulidwa kuchokera ku Sigma Aldrich) adagwiritsidwa ntchito posinthanitsa kutentha pakati pa nkhokwe ziwiri (zotentha ndi kuzizira) ndi MLC. Malo osungiramo matenthedwe amakhala ndi chidebe chagalasi chodzazidwa ndi dielectric fluid ndikuyikidwa pamwamba pa mbale yotentha. Kusungirako kuzizira kumakhala ndi madzi osambira okhala ndi machubu amadzimadzi okhala ndi dielectric fluid mumtsuko waukulu wapulasitiki wodzazidwa ndi madzi ndi ayezi. Ma valve awiri a njira zitatu (ogulidwa kuchokera ku Bio-Chem Fluidics) anayikidwa kumapeto kulikonse kwa chophatikizira kuti asinthe bwino madzi kuchokera m'madzi kupita ku china (Chithunzi 2a). Kuonetsetsa kuti kutentha kumayenderana pakati pa phukusi la PST-MLC ndi choziziritsa, nthawi yozungulira idatalikitsidwa mpaka ma thermocouples olowera ndi otuluka (pafupi kwambiri ndi phukusi la PST-MLC) adawonetsa kutentha komweko. Python script imayang'anira ndikugwirizanitsa zida zonse (ma gwero mita, mapampu, mavavu, ndi ma thermocouples) kuti ayendetse kuzungulira koyenera kwa Olson, mwachitsanzo, loop yozizirira imayamba kuyenda panjinga ya PST mita ya gwero itayimitsidwa kuti itenthe pakufunika. magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito potengera Olson cycle.
Kapena, tatsimikizira miyeso yachindunji ya mphamvu yosonkhanitsidwa ndi njira zosalunjika. Njira zosalunjika izi zimachokera ku kusamutsidwa kwamagetsi (D) - malo amagetsi (E) malo otsetsereka akumunda omwe amasonkhanitsidwa pa kutentha kosiyana, ndipo powerengera malo omwe ali pakati pa malupu awiri a DE, munthu akhoza kulingalira molondola kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zingasonkhanitsidwe, monga momwe tawonetsera pa chithunzichi. . mu chithunzi 2. .1b. Malupu a DE awa amasonkhanitsidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito mita ya Keithley source.
Ma PST MLC makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi atatu a 1 mm wandiweyani wa PST MLC adasonkhanitsidwa mumzere wa 4, 7-column parallel plate structure malinga ndi kapangidwe kamene kafotokozedwera. 14. Kusiyana kwamadzimadzi pakati pa mizere ya PST-MLC ndi 0.75mm. Izi zimatheka powonjezera mizere ya tepi yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri ngati ma spacers amadzi m'mphepete mwa PST MLC. PST MLC imalumikizidwa ndi magetsi molumikizana ndi mlatho wa silver epoxy polumikizana ndi ma elekitirodi. Pambuyo pake, mawaya amamatiridwa ndi utomoni wa silver epoxy mbali iliyonse ya ma elekitirodi kuti agwirizane ndi magetsi. Pomaliza, ikani dongosolo lonse mu payipi ya polyolefin. Yotsirizirayi amamatira ku chubu chamadzimadzi kuti atsimikizire kusindikizidwa koyenera. Pomaliza, ma thermocouples amtundu wa 0,25 mm wandiweyani adamangidwa kumapeto kulikonse kwa PST-MLC kuti aziyang'anira kutentha kwamadzi ndi kutulutsa. Kuti tichite izi, payipiyo iyenera kudulidwa poyamba. Mukayika thermocouple, gwiritsani ntchito zomatira zomwezo monga kale pakati pa payipi ya thermocouple ndi waya kuti mubwezeretse chisindikizo.
Zithunzi zisanu ndi zitatu zosiyana zinamangidwa, zinayi zomwe zinali ndi 40 0.5 mm wandiweyani wa MLC PSTs wogawidwa ngati mbale zofanana ndi mizati 5 ndi mizere 8, ndipo anayi otsalawo anali ndi 15 1 mm wandiweyani wa MLC PST iliyonse. mu 3-zanja × 5-mizere yofanana mbale kapangidwe. Chiwerengero chonse cha PST MLCs chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito chinali 220 (160 0.5 mm thick and 60 PST MLC 1 mm thick). Magawo awiriwa timawatcha kuti HARV2_160 ndi HARV2_60. Mpata wamadzimadzi pamtundu wa HARV2_160 uli ndi matepi awiri am'mbali 0,25 mm wandiweyani ndi waya wokhuthala 0,25 mm pakati pawo. Kwa mawonekedwe a HARV2_60, tidabwerezanso njira yomweyo, koma pogwiritsa ntchito waya wandiweyani wa 0,38 mm. Pakufanana, HARV2_160 ndi HARV2_60 ali ndi zozungulira zawo zamadzimadzi, mapampu, mavavu ndi mbali yozizira (Zowonjezera 8). Magawo awiri a HARV2 amagawana mosungira kutentha, chidebe cha malita 3 (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) pa mbale ziwiri zotentha zokhala ndi maginito ozungulira. Ma prototype onse asanu ndi atatu amalumikizidwa ndi magetsi molumikizana. Magawo a HARV2_160 ndi HARV2_60 amagwira ntchito nthawi imodzi mumayendedwe a Olson zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zokolola za 11.2 J.
Ikani 0.5mm yokhuthala PST MLC mu payipi ya polyolefin yokhala ndi tepi ya mbali ziwiri ndi waya kumbali zonse kuti mupange malo oti madzi aziyenda. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kochepa, chitsanzocho chinayikidwa pafupi ndi valavu yotentha kapena yozizira, kuchepetsa nthawi yozungulira.
Mu PST MLC, gawo lamagetsi lokhazikika limagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito voteji nthawi zonse kunthambi yotentha. Zotsatira zake, mpweya woipa wotentha umapangidwa ndipo mphamvu zimasungidwa. Pambuyo pakuwotcha PST MLC, munda umachotsedwa (V = 0), ndipo mphamvu yosungidwa mmenemo imabwereranso ku gwero la gwero, lomwe limafanana ndi chopereka china cha mphamvu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa. Pomaliza, ndi voliyumu V = 0 yogwiritsidwa ntchito, ma MLC PSTs amakhazikika pakutentha kwawo koyambirira kuti kuzungulira kuyambiranso. Panthawi imeneyi, mphamvu sizisonkhanitsidwa. Tinathamanga Olsen cycle pogwiritsa ntchito Keithley 2410 SourceMeter, kulipira PST MLC kuchokera ku gwero lamagetsi ndikuyika machesi omwe alipo pamtengo woyenerera kuti mfundo zokwanira zinasonkhanitsidwa panthawi yolipiritsa kuti zikhale zodalirika zowerengera mphamvu.
Mu Stirling cycles, PST MLCs anali kuimbidwa mu voteji gwero mode pa mtengo woyamba magetsi kumunda (woyamba voteji Vi> 0), ankafuna kutsatizana panopa kuti nazitengera sitepe amatenga mozungulira 1 s (ndi mfundo zokwanira anasonkhanitsidwa kuti odalirika mawerengedwe a mphamvu) ndi kutentha kozizira. Mu Stirling cycles, PST MLCs anali kuimbidwa mu voteji gwero mode pa mtengo woyamba magetsi kumunda (woyamba voteji Vi> 0), ankafuna kutsatizana panopa kuti nazitengera sitepe amatenga mozungulira 1 s (ndi mfundo zokwanira anasonkhanitsidwa kuti odalirika mawerengedwe a mphamvu) ndi kutentha kozizira. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC заряжались в режиме источника напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения прияжение), которые напряжения в начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения) что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек для надежного расчета энергия) ndi холодная температура. M'mayendedwe a Stirling PST MLC, adayimbidwa mumayendedwe amagetsi amagetsi pamtengo woyambira wamagetsi (voltage yoyambira Vi> 0), zokolola zomwe zimafunidwa, kotero kuti siteji yolipira imatenga pafupifupi 1 s (ndi nambala yokwanira). mfundo amasonkhanitsidwa kwa odalirika mphamvu mawerengedwe) ndi kutentha ozizira.在斯特林循环中，PST MLC 在电压源模大式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi >需要1 秒（并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量）和低温. Mumayendedwe apamwamba, PST MLC imayimbidwa pamtengo woyambira wamagetsi (voltage Vi> 0) mumagetsi amagetsi, kotero kuti kutsata komwe kumafunikira kumatenga pafupifupi 1 sekondi imodzi pakulipiritsa (ndipo tidasonkhanitsa mfundo zokwanira kuwerengera modalirika (mphamvu) ndi kutentha kochepa. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения с начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжения) в начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжения) ков, что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергию) ndi низкиету темпера . Pakuzungulira kwa Stirling, PST MLC imayimbidwa mumayendedwe amagetsi ndi mtengo woyambira wagawo lamagetsi (voltage yoyambira Vi> 0), kutsata komwe kumafunikira ndikuti gawo lolipiritsa limatenga pafupifupi 1 s (ndi nambala yokwanira). mfundo amasonkhanitsidwa modalirika kuwerengera mphamvu) ndi kutentha otsika .PST MLC isanayambe kutentha, tsegulani derali pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira ya I = 0 mA (yocheperako yofananira yomwe gwero lathu loyezera lingagwire ndi 10 nA). Chotsatira chake, malipiro amakhalabe mu PST ya MJK, ndipo magetsi amawonjezeka pamene chitsanzo chikuwotcha. Palibe mphamvu zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa m'manja BC chifukwa I = 0 mA. Pambuyo pofika kutentha kwakukulu, voteji mu MLT FT imawonjezeka (nthawi zina kuposa 30 nthawi, onani zowonjezera mkuyu 7.2), MLK FT imatulutsidwa (V = 0), ndipo mphamvu zamagetsi zimasungidwa mwa iwo mofanana. monga iwo ali mtengo woyamba. Kulumikizana komweku komweko kumabwereranso ku gwero la mita. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa magetsi, mphamvu yosungidwa pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi yapamwamba kuposa yomwe inaperekedwa kumayambiriro kwa kuzungulira. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu imapezeka mwa kusintha kutentha kukhala magetsi.
Tidagwiritsa ntchito Keithley 2410 SourceMeter kuyang'anira magetsi ndi omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito ku PST MLC. Mphamvu yofananirayo imawerengedwa pophatikiza zinthu zamagetsi ndi zomwe zikuwerengedwa ndi Keithley's source mita, \ (E = {\ int}_{0}^{\ tau {I}_({\rm {meas))}\ kumanzere(t\ kumanja){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), pamene τ ndi nyengo ya nyengo. Pamayendedwe athu amphamvu, mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu zimatanthawuza mphamvu zomwe tiyenera kupereka ku MLC PST, ndipo zoyipa zimatanthawuza mphamvu zomwe timachotsa kuchokera kwa iwo motero mphamvu zomwe talandira. Mphamvu yachibale pa nthawi yosonkhanitsa yomwe yaperekedwa imatsimikiziridwa ndi kugawa mphamvu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ndi nthawi τ ya kuzungulira konse.
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Tikuthokoza N. Furusawa, Y. Inoue, ndi K. Honda chifukwa cha thandizo lawo popanga MLC. PL, AT, YN, AA, JL, UP, VK, OB ndi ED Tithokoze ku Luxembourg National Research Foundation (FNR) pothandizira ntchitoyi kudzera mu CAMELHEAT C17/MS/11703691/Defay, MASSENA PRIDE/15/10935404/Defay- Siebentritt, THERMODIMAT C20/MS/14718071/Defay ndi BRIDGES2021/MS/16282302/CECOHA/Defay.
Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Technology (LIST), Belvoir, Luxembourg