Kupereka magwero okhazikika a magetsi ndi chimodzi mwa zovuta zazikulu m'zaka za zana lino. Madera ofufuza pazinthu zokolola mphamvu amachokera ku chilimbikitso ichi, kuphatikizapo thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 ndi thermophotovoltaics3. Ngakhale tilibe zipangizo ndi zida zomwe zimatha kukolola mphamvu mu Joule range, zipangizo zamagetsi zomwe zimatha kusintha mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala kusintha kwa kutentha nthawi ndi nthawi zimaonedwa ngati masensa4 ndi okolola mphamvu5,6,7. Pano tapanga chokolola champhamvu cha kutentha cha macroscopic mu mawonekedwe a multilayer capacitor chopangidwa ndi magalamu 42 a lead scandium tantalate, kupanga 11.2 J ya mphamvu zamagetsi pa thermodynamic cycle. Pyoelectric module iliyonse imatha kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi mpaka 4.43 J cm-3 pa cycle. Tikuwonetsanso kuti ma module awiri otere olemera 0.3 g ndi okwanira kupatsa mphamvu zokolola mphamvu zodziyimira pawokha ndi ma microcontrollers ophatikizidwa ndi masensa otentha. Pomaliza, tikuwonetsa kuti pa kutentha kwa 10 K, ma capacitor awa a multilayer amatha kufika 40% Carnot efficiency. Makhalidwe amenewa amachitika chifukwa cha (1) kusintha kwa gawo la ferroelectric kuti ligwire bwino ntchito, (2) mphamvu yotsika yotulutsa madzi kuti isatayike, komanso (3) mphamvu yotsika kwambiri. Makina ovundikira magetsi a pyroelectric awa akupanganso mphamvu ya thermoelectric.
Poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumafunikira pazinthu zotentha, kusonkhanitsa mphamvu kwa zinthu zotentha kumafuna kusintha kwa kutentha pakapita nthawi. Izi zikutanthauza kuzungulira kwa thermodynamic, komwe kumafotokozedwa bwino ndi chithunzi cha entropy (S)-temperature (T). Chithunzi 1a chikuwonetsa chithunzi cha ST cha zinthu zosalunjika za pyroelectric (NLP) zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa gawo la ferroelectric-paraelectric mu scandium lead tantalate (PST). Magawo abuluu ndi obiriwira a kuzungulira pa chithunzi cha ST akugwirizana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yosinthidwa mu Olson cycle (magawo awiri a isothermal ndi magawo awiri a isopole). Pano tikuganizira za ma cycle awiri okhala ndi kusintha kwa magetsi komweko (munda wotseguka ndi wotsekedwa) ndi kusintha kwa kutentha ΔT, ngakhale ndi kutentha koyambirira kosiyana. Kuzungulira kobiriwira sikuli m'dera losinthira gawo ndipo motero kuli ndi malo ochepa kwambiri kuposa kuzungulira kwa buluu komwe kuli m'dera losinthira gawo. Mu chithunzi cha ST, dera lalikulu, mphamvu yosonkhanitsidwa imakhala yayikulu. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa gawo kuyenera kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zambiri. Kufunika kwa malo akuluakulu ozungulira mu NLP kuli kofanana kwambiri ndi kufunikira kwa ma electrothermal applications9, 10, 11, 12 komwe ma PST multilayer capacitors (MLCs) ndi ma terpolymers okhala ndi PVDF posachedwapa awonetsa momwe ntchito yoziziritsira imagwirira ntchito bwino kwambiri mu cycle 13, 14, 15, 16. Chifukwa chake, tapeza ma PST MLC omwe ndi ofunikira pakukolola mphamvu ya kutentha. Zitsanzozi zafotokozedwa mokwanira mu njira ndipo zafotokozedwa muzowonjezera 1 (scanning electron microscopy), 2 (X-ray diffraction) ndi 3 (calorimetry).
a, Chithunzi cha entropy (S)-temperature (T) plot yokhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yoyikidwa pa zipangizo za NLP zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa gawo. Ma cycle awiri osonkhanitsa mphamvu akuwonetsedwa m'malo awiri osiyana a kutentha. Ma cycle abuluu ndi obiriwira amachitika mkati ndi kunja kwa kusintha kwa gawo, motsatana, ndipo amatha m'madera osiyanasiyana kwambiri pamwamba. b, mphete ziwiri za DE PST MLC unipolar, makulidwe a 1 mm, zoyezedwa pakati pa 0 ndi 155 kV cm-1 pa 20 °C ndi 90 °C, motsatana, ndi ma cycle ofanana a Olsen. Zilembo za ABCD zimatchula mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu cycle ya Olson. AB: MLCs zidayikidwa pa 155 kV cm-1 pa 20 °C. BC: MLC idasungidwa pa 155 kV cm-1 ndipo kutentha kudakwezedwa kufika pa 90 °C. CD: MLC imatuluka pa 90°C. DA: MLC idazizira kufika pa 20°C m'munda wa zero. Malo abuluu amafanana ndi mphamvu yolowera yomwe imafunika kuti iyambe cycle. Malo a lalanje ndi mphamvu yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa mu cycle imodzi. c, gulu lapamwamba, voteji (yakuda) ndi mphamvu (yofiira) poyerekeza ndi nthawi, zomwe zimatsatiridwa panthawi yomweyi ya Olson cycle monga b. Ma inserts awiriwa akuyimira kukulitsa kwa voteji ndi mphamvu pa mfundo zazikulu mu cycle. Mu gulu lapansi, ma curve achikasu ndi obiriwira akuyimira kutentha kofanana ndi ma curve a mphamvu, motsatana, a MLC yokhuthala ya 1 mm. Mphamvu imawerengedwa kuchokera ku ma current ndi ma volteji pa gulu lapamwamba. Mphamvu yoyipa imafanana ndi mphamvu yosonkhanitsidwa. Masitepe ofanana ndi zilembo zazikulu muzithunzi zinayi ndi ofanana ndi mu cycle ya Olson. Cycle AB'CD imafanana ndi Stirling cycle (chidziwitso chowonjezera 7).
kumene E ndi D ndi gawo lamagetsi ndi gawo losuntha magetsi, motsatana. Nd ingapezeke mwanjira ina kuchokera ku DE circuit (Chithunzi 1b) kapena mwachindunji poyambitsa thermodynamic cycle. Njira zothandiza kwambiri zinafotokozedwa ndi Olsen mu ntchito yake yoyamba yosonkhanitsa mphamvu zamagetsi m'zaka za m'ma 198017.
Pa chithunzi 1b chikuwonetsa ma loops awiri a monopolar DE okhala ndi zitsanzo za PST-MLC zokhuthala 1 mm zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa pa 20 °C ndi 90 °C, motsatana, pamlingo wa 0 mpaka 155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Ma cycle awiriwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwerengera mphamvu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ndi cycle ya Olson yomwe yawonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 1a. Ndipotu, cycle ya Olsen ili ndi nthambi ziwiri za isofield (apa, zero field mu nthambi ya DA ndi 155 kV cm-1 mu nthambi ya BC) ndi nthambi ziwiri za isothermal (apa, 20°С ndi 20°С mu nthambi ya AB). C mu nthambi ya CD) Mphamvu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa panthawi ya cycle zimagwirizana ndi madera a lalanje ndi abuluu (EdD integral). Mphamvu yosonkhanitsidwa Nd ndi kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu yolowera ndi yotulutsa, mwachitsanzo dera lalanje lokha mu chithunzi 1b. Mzunguliro wa Olson uwu umapereka mphamvu ya Nd ya 1.78 J cm-3. Stirling cycle ndi njira ina yosinthira cycle ya Olson (Zowonjezera 7). Chifukwa chakuti gawo lokhazikika la mphamvu (lotseguka) limapezeka mosavuta, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu komwe kumachokera ku Chithunzi 1b (cycle AB'CD) kumafika pa 1.25 J cm-3. Izi ndi 70% yokha ya zomwe Olson cycle ingasonkhanitse, koma zida zosavuta zokolola zimachita izi.
Kuphatikiza apo, tinayesa mwachindunji mphamvu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa panthawi ya Olson cycle popatsa mphamvu PST MLC pogwiritsa ntchito gawo lowongolera kutentha kwa Linkam ndi source meter (njira). Chithunzi 1c pamwamba ndi m'magawo ogwirizana chikuwonetsa mphamvu yamagetsi (yofiira) ndi voltage (yakuda) zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa pa PST MLC yofanana ndi ya 1 mm wandiweyani monga momwe zilili ndi DE loop yomwe imadutsa mu Olson cycle yomweyo. Mphamvu yamagetsi ndi voltage zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuwerengera mphamvu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa, ndipo ma curve akuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi 1c, pansi (yobiriwira) ndi kutentha (yachikasu) nthawi yonse ya cycle. Zilembo ABCD zikuyimira cycle yamagetsi ya Olson mu Chithunzi 1. Kuchaja kwa MLC kumachitika panthawi ya AB leg ndipo kumachitika pa low current (200 µA), kotero SourceMeter imatha kuwongolera bwino kuchaja. Zotsatira za mphamvu yoyambira iyi yokhazikika ndikuti curve yamagetsi (black curve) si yolunjika chifukwa cha malo osasinthika a D PST (Chithunzi 1c, top install). Pamapeto pa kuchaja, 30 mJ yamagetsi imasungidwa mu MLC (point B). Kenako MLC imatenthedwa ndipo mphamvu yoipa (ndipo motero mphamvu yoipa) imapangidwa pomwe mphamvuyo imakhalabe pa 600 V. Pambuyo pa masekondi 40, kutentha kukafika pa 90 °C, mphamvu iyi idalipidwa, ngakhale kuti chitsanzo cha sitepe chinapanga mphamvu yamagetsi ya 35 mJ mu gawoli panthawi ya isofield iyi (kachiwiri mu Chithunzi 1c, pamwamba). Mphamvu yamagetsi pa MLC (branch CD) imachepetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yamagetsi ya 60 mJ yowonjezera igwire ntchito. Mphamvu yonse yotulutsa ndi 95 mJ. Mphamvu yosonkhanitsidwa ndi kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu yolowera ndi yotulutsa, yomwe imapereka 95 - 30 = 65 mJ. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya 1.84 J cm-3, yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi Nd yochotsedwa mu mphete ya DE. Kubwerezabwereza kwa kayendedwe ka Olson uku kwayesedwa kwambiri (Supplementary Note 4). Mwa kuwonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi ndi kutentha, tinapeza ma 4.43 J cm-3 pogwiritsa ntchito ma Olsen cycles mu PST MLC ya 0.5 mm wandiweyani pa kutentha kwa 750 V (195 kV cm-1) ndi 175 °C (Supplementary Note 5). Izi ndi zazikulu kanayi kuposa momwe zidachitikira bwino kwambiri zomwe zidanenedwa m'mabuku a ma direct Olson cycles ndipo zidapezeka pa mafilimu opyapyala a Pb(Mg,Nb)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm .Supplementary Table 1 kuti mudziwe zambiri m'mabuku). Kuchita bwino kumeneku kwachitika chifukwa cha kutsika kwa mphamvu ya MLC izi (<10−7 A pa 750 V ndi 180 °C, onani zambiri mu Supplementary Note 6)—mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomwe Smith et al.19 adatchula—mosiyana ndi zipangizo zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro akale17,20. Kuchita bwino kumeneku kwachitika chifukwa cha kutsika kwa mphamvu ya MLC izi (<10−7 A pa 750 V ndi 180 °C, onani zambiri mu Supplementary Note 6)—mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomwe Smith et al.19 adatchula—mosiyana ndi zipangizo zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro akale17,20. Эти характеристики были достигнуты благодаря очень низкому току утечки этих MLC (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. 6) - критический момент, упомянутый Смитом ndi др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. Makhalidwe amenewa adakwaniritsidwa chifukwa cha kutsika kwa mphamvu ya MLC izi (<10–7 A pa 750 V ndi 180 °C, onani Zowonjezera 6 kuti mudziwe zambiri) - mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomwe yatchulidwa ndi Smith et al. 19 - mosiyana ndi zipangizo zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro akale17,20.由于這些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 的详细伉 人明6提到的关键点——相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17,20.由于 這些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A ， 参见 补充 说明 6 中 详细信息）））） — 等人相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早期研。 Поскольку ток утечки этих MLC очень низкий (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. подробности в дополнительном примечании 6) Смитом ndi др. 19 - kuchitira umboni, были достигнуты эти характеристики. Popeza mphamvu yotuluka ya ma MLC awa ndi yotsika kwambiri (<10–7 A pa 750 V ndi 180 °C, onani Supplementary Note 6 kuti mudziwe zambiri) - mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomwe Smith et al. 19 adatchula - poyerekeza, magwiridwe antchito awa adakwaniritsidwa.ku zinthu zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro akale 17,20.
Mikhalidwe yomweyi (600 V, 20–90 °C) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Stirling cycle (Zowonjezera 7). Monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa kuchokera ku zotsatira za DE cycle, phindu linali 41.0 mJ. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za Stirling cycles ndi kuthekera kwawo kukulitsa voltage yoyamba kudzera mu thermoelectric effect. Tinaona kuwonjezeka kwa voltage kufika pa 39 (kuchokera pa voltage yoyamba ya 15 V mpaka voltage yomaliza kufika pa 590 V, onani Zowonjezera Chithunzi 7.2).
Chinthu china chodziwika bwino cha ma MLC awa ndichakuti ndi zinthu zazikulu zokwanira kusonkhanitsa mphamvu mu joule range. Chifukwa chake, tinapanga prototype harvester (HRV1) pogwiritsa ntchito 28 MLC PST 1 mm wandiweyani, kutsatira kapangidwe ka plate kofanana komwe kafotokozedwa ndi Torello et al.14, mu 7×4 matrix monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi. Madzi a dielectric onyamula kutentha mu manifold amasunthidwa ndi pampu ya peristaltic pakati pa malo awiri osungiramo madzi komwe kutentha kwa madzi kumakhala kosasintha (njira). Sungani mpaka 3.1 J pogwiritsa ntchito Olson cycle yomwe yafotokozedwa mu chithunzi 2a, madera a isothermal pa 10°C ndi 125°C ndi madera a isofield pa 0 ndi 750 V (195 kV cm-1). Izi zikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kwa 3.14 J cm-3. Pogwiritsa ntchito chosakaniza ichi, miyeso idatengedwa pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana (Chithunzi 2b). Dziwani kuti 1.8 J idapezeka pa kutentha kwa 80 °C ndi voltage ya 600 V (155 kV cm-1). Izi zikugwirizana bwino ndi 65 mJ yomwe yatchulidwa kale ya PST MLC yokhuthala 1 mm pansi pa mikhalidwe yomweyi (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Kukhazikitsa koyesera kwa chitsanzo cha HARV1 chosonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma PST 28 a MLC 1 mm makulidwe (mizere 4 × mizati 7) omwe akuyenda pa ma cycle a Olson. Pa gawo lililonse la magawo anayi a cycle, kutentha ndi voltage zimaperekedwa mu chitsanzocho. Kompyuta imayendetsa pampu ya peristaltic yomwe imayendetsa madzi a dielectric pakati pa malo ozizira ndi otentha, ma valve awiri, ndi gwero lamagetsi. Kompyutayo imagwiritsanso ntchito ma thermocouples kusonkhanitsa deta pa voltage ndi current zomwe zimaperekedwa ku chitsanzocho ndi kutentha kwa chosakaniza kuchokera ku magetsi. b, Mphamvu (mtundu) zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ndi chitsanzo chathu cha 4×7 MLC motsutsana ndi kutentha (X-axis) ndi voltage (Y-axis) m'mayesero osiyanasiyana.
Mtundu waukulu wa chokolola (HARV2) chokhala ndi 60 PST MLC 1 mm wandiweyani ndi 160 PST MLC 0.5 mm wandiweyani (41.7 g active pyroelectric material) chinapereka 11.2 J (Chidziwitso Chowonjezera 8). Mu 1984, Olsen anapanga chokolola champhamvu pogwiritsa ntchito 317 g ya Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 compound yokhala ndi tin yomwe imatha kupanga 6.23 J yamagetsi pa kutentha kwa pafupifupi 150 °C (onani 21). Pa chosakaniza ichi, ichi ndi chinthu china chokha chomwe chilipo mu joule range. Chinapeza phindu loposa theka la mtengo womwe tinapeza komanso pafupifupi kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa mtundu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kwa HARV2 ndi kokwera ka 13.
Nthawi ya HARV1 ndi masekondi 57. Izi zinapanga mphamvu ya 54 mW yokhala ndi mizere 4 ya mizati 7 ya seti ya MLC yokhuthala ya 1 mm. Kuti tipititse patsogolo, tinapanga chosakaniza chachitatu (HARV3) chokhala ndi PST MLC yokhuthala ya 0.5mm komanso chofanana ndi HARV1 ndi HARV2 (Chidziwitso Chowonjezera 9). Tinayesa nthawi yotenthetsera ya masekondi 12.5. Izi zikugwirizana ndi nthawi yozungulira ya masekondi 25 (Chithunzi Chowonjezera 9). Mphamvu yosonkhanitsidwa (47 mJ) imapereka mphamvu yamagetsi ya 1.95 mW pa MLC iliyonse, zomwe zimatithandiza kuganiza kuti HARV2 imapanga 0.55 W (pafupifupi 1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC yokhuthala ya 0.5 mm). Kuphatikiza apo, tinayesa kusamutsa kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito Finite Element Simulation (COMSOL, Chidziwitso Chowonjezera 10 ndi Matebulo Owonjezera 2–4) mogwirizana ndi zoyeserera za HARV1. Kupanga chitsanzo cha zinthu zomaliza kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kulosera mphamvu zomwe zili pafupi ndi kukula kwake (430 mW) pa chiwerengero chomwecho cha mizati ya PST mwa kuchepetsa MLC kufika pa 0.2 mm, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati choziziritsira, ndikubwezeretsa matrix ku mizere 7. × mizati 4 (kuwonjezera pa , panali 960 mW pamene thankiyo inali pafupi ndi chosakaniza, Chithunzi Chowonjezera 10b).
Pofuna kusonyeza kufunikira kwa chosonkhanitsa ichi, Stirling cycle idagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chowonetsera chokha chomwe chili ndi ma PST MLC awiri okha a 0.5 mm makulidwe ngati osonkhanitsa kutentha, switch yamagetsi ambiri, switch yamagetsi otsika yokhala ndi capacitor yosungira, DC/DC converter, microcontroller yamagetsi otsika, ma thermocouple awiri ndi chosinthira mphamvu (Supplementary Note 11). Derali limafuna kuti capacitor yosungiramo iyambe kuyikidwa pa 9V kenako imayenda yokha pomwe kutentha kwa ma MLC awiriwa kumayambira -5°C mpaka 85°C, pano mumayendedwe a 160 s (mayendedwe angapo akuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Note 11). Chodabwitsa n'chakuti ma MLC awiri olemera 0.3g okha amatha kulamulira okha dongosolo lalikululi. Chinthu china chosangalatsa ndichakuti chosinthira chamagetsi otsika chimatha kusintha 400V kukhala 10-15V ndi mphamvu ya 79% (Supplementary Note 11 ndi Supplementary Picture 11.3).
Pomaliza, tinayesa momwe ma module a MLC awa amagwirira ntchito posintha mphamvu ya kutentha kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Chinthu chabwino η cha magwiridwe antchito chimatanthauzidwa ngati chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yosonkhanitsidwa Nd ku kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumaperekedwa Qin (Chidziwitso Chowonjezera 12):
Zithunzi 3a,b zikuwonetsa mphamvu ya η ndi mphamvu yofanana ya ηr ya Olsen cycle, motsatana, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi kutentha kwa PST MLC ya 0.5 mm wandiweyani. Ma data onsewa aperekedwa pamagetsi a 195 kV cm-1. Mphamvu ya \(\iyi\) imafika pa 1.43%, yomwe ndi yofanana ndi 18% ya ηr. Komabe, pa kutentha kwa 10 K kuyambira 25 °C mpaka 35 °C, ηr imafika pamtengo wokwana 40% (buluu mu Chithunzi 3b). Izi ndi kawiri mtengo wodziwika bwino wa zinthu za NLP zomwe zalembedwa mu mafilimu a PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) pa kutentha kwa 10 K ndi 300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). Kutentha kwapansi pa 10 K sikunaganiziridwe chifukwa kutentha kwa PST MLC kuli pakati pa 5 ndi 8 K. Kuzindikira zotsatira zabwino za kusintha kwa gawo pakuchita bwino ndikofunikira. Ndipotu, miyezo yabwino kwambiri ya η ndi ηr pafupifupi yonse imapezeka pa kutentha koyambirira Ti = 25°C mu Zithunzi 3a,b. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa gawo loyandikira pamene palibe gawo lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo kutentha kwa Curie TC kuli pafupifupi 20 °C mu MLC izi (Zowonjezera 13).
a,b, mphamvu η ndi mphamvu yofanana ya Olson cycle (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot}} yamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri ndi munda wa 195 kV cm-1 ndi kutentha koyambirira kosiyana Ti, }}\,\(b) ya MPC PST 0.5 mm wandiweyani, kutengera nthawi ya kutentha ΔTspan.
Kuwona komalizaku kuli ndi zotsatira ziwiri zofunika: (1) kuyendetsa njinga kogwira mtima kuyenera kuyamba kutentha pamwamba pa TC kuti kusintha kwa gawo loyambitsidwa ndi munda (kuchokera ku paraelectric kupita ku ferroelectric) kuchitike; (2) zipangizozi zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri nthawi yothamanga pafupi ndi TC. Ngakhale kuti kuchita bwino kwakukulu kwawonetsedwa mu zoyeserera zathu, kutentha kochepa sikutilola kuti tikwaniritse kuchita bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha malire a Carnot (\(\Delta T/T\)). Komabe, kuchita bwino kwambiri komwe kwawonetsedwa ndi ma PST MLC awa kumatsimikizira Olsen pamene akunena kuti "galimoto yabwino kwambiri ya thermoelectric yokonzanso ya kalasi 20 yomwe imagwira ntchito kutentha pakati pa 50 °C ndi 250 °C ikhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu ya 30%"17. Kuti tikwaniritse izi ndikuyesa lingaliroli, zingakhale zothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito ma PST okhala ndi ma TC osiyanasiyana, monga momwe Shebanov ndi Borman adaphunzirira. Adawonetsa kuti TC mu PST imatha kusiyana kuyambira 3°C (Sb doping) mpaka 33°C (Ti doping) 22. Chifukwa chake, tikuganiza kuti zokonzanso zamagetsi zam'badwo wotsatira zochokera ku PST MLCs kapena zipangizo zina zokhala ndi kusintha kwamphamvu kwa gawo loyamba zitha kupikisana ndi zokolola zamagetsi zabwino kwambiri.
Mu kafukufukuyu, tinafufuza ma MLC opangidwa kuchokera ku PST. Zipangizozi zimakhala ndi ma electrode angapo a Pt ndi PST, pomwe ma capacitor angapo amalumikizidwa motsatizana. PST idasankhidwa chifukwa ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri cha EC ndipo motero ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri cha NLP. Ikuwonetsa kusintha kwamphamvu kwa gawo la ferroelectric-paraelectric pafupifupi 20 °C, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kusintha kwake kwa entropy kuli kofanana ndi komwe kwawonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 1. Ma MLC ofanana afotokozedwa mokwanira pazipangizo za EC13,14. Mu kafukufukuyu, tidagwiritsa ntchito ma MLC a 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ ndi 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³. Ma MLC okhala ndi makulidwe a 1 mm ndi 0.5 mm adapangidwa kuchokera ku zigawo 19 ndi 9 za PST zokhala ndi makulidwe a 38.6 µm, motsatana. M'zochitika zonsezi, wosanjikiza wamkati wa PST udayikidwa pakati pa ma electrode a platinamu a 2.05 µm wandiweyani. Kapangidwe ka ma MLC awa kamatanthauza kuti 55% ya ma PST ndi ogwira ntchito, ofanana ndi gawo pakati pa ma electrode (Supplementary Note 1). Malo a electrode yogwira ntchito anali 48.7 mm2 (Supplementary Table 5). MLC PST idakonzedwa ndi solid phase reaction ndi casting method. Tsatanetsatane wa njira yokonzekera wafotokozedwa m'nkhani yapitayi14. Chimodzi mwa kusiyana pakati pa PST MLC ndi nkhani yapitayi ndi dongosolo la ma B-sites, lomwe limakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a EC mu PST. Dongosolo la ma B-sites a PST MLC ndi 0.75 (Supplementary Note 2) lomwe limapezeka poyatsa pa 1400°C kutsatiridwa ndi maola mazana ambiri owonjezera pa 1000°C. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za PST MLC, onani Zowonjezera 1-3 ndi Zowonjezera Table 5.
Lingaliro lalikulu la kafukufukuyu likuchokera pa kuzungulira kwa Olson (Chithunzi 1). Pa kuzungulira koteroko, tikufunika malo osungiramo madzi otentha ndi ozizira komanso magetsi omwe amatha kuyang'anira ndikuwongolera magetsi ndi mphamvu m'ma module osiyanasiyana a MLC. Ma module awa olunjika adagwiritsa ntchito ma configurations awiri osiyana, omwe ndi (1) ma module a Linkam kutentha ndi kuziziritsa MLC imodzi yolumikizidwa ku gwero lamagetsi la Keithley 2410, ndi (2) ma prototypes atatu (HARV1, HRV2 ndi HARV3) motsatizana ndi mphamvu yomweyi. Pankhaniyi, madzi a dielectric (mafuta a silicone okhala ndi kukhuthala kwa 5 cP pa 25°C, ogulidwa kuchokera ku Sigma Aldrich) adagwiritsidwa ntchito posinthana kutentha pakati pa ma reservoirs awiri (otentha ndi ozizira) ndi MLC. Malo osungiramo madzi otentha amakhala ndi chidebe chagalasi chodzazidwa ndi madzi a dielectric ndikuyikidwa pamwamba pa mbale yotenthetsera. Malo osungiramo madzi ozizira amakhala ndi bafa lamadzi okhala ndi machubu amadzimadzi okhala ndi madzi a dielectric mu chidebe chachikulu chapulasitiki chodzazidwa ndi madzi ndi ayezi. Ma valve awiri opindika atatu (ogulidwa kuchokera ku Bio-Chem Fluidics) adayikidwa kumapeto onse a chosakaniza kuti asinthe bwino madzi kuchokera ku chosungira chimodzi kupita ku china (Chithunzi 2a). Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti kutentha kuli bwino pakati pa phukusi la PST-MLC ndi choziziritsira, nthawi yozungulira idakulitsidwa mpaka ma thermocouple olowera ndi otuluka (pafupi momwe zingathere ndi phukusi la PST-MLC) awonetsa kutentha komweko. Python script imayang'anira ndikugwirizanitsa zida zonse (ma source meter, mapampu, ma valvu, ndi ma thermocouple) kuti ayendetse kayendedwe koyenera ka Olson, mwachitsanzo, kuzungulira koziziritsira kumayamba kuzungulira kudzera mu PST stack pambuyo poti source meter yayamba kuyatsidwa kuti itenthe pa voltage yomwe ikufunika pa kayendedwe ka Olson.
Kapenanso, tatsimikizira miyeso iyi mwachindunji ya mphamvu yosonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosalunjika. Njira zosalunjika izi zimachokera ku ma loops amagetsi (D) - magetsi (E) omwe asonkhanitsidwa pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana, ndipo powerengera dera pakati pa ma loops awiri a DE, munthu akhoza kuwerengera molondola kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zingasonkhanitsidwe, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pachithunzi 2. .1b. Ma loops a DE awa asonkhanitsidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito mita ya Keithley source.
Ma PST MLC makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi atatu ndi makulidwe a 1 mm anasonkhanitsidwa m'mapangidwe a mbale yofanana ya mizere 4, yokhala ndi mizere 7 molingana ndi kapangidwe kamene kafotokozedwa mu bukhuli. 14. Kusiyana kwa madzi pakati pa mizere ya PST-MLC ndi 0.75mm. Izi zimachitika powonjezera timizere ta tepi ya mbali ziwiri ngati malo olumikizira madzi m'mphepete mwa PST MLC. PST MLC imalumikizidwa ndi magetsi motsatizana ndi mlatho wa epoxy wasiliva wolumikizana ndi ma lead a electrode. Pambuyo pake, mawaya amamatiridwa ndi siliva epoxy resin mbali zonse za ma terminal a electrode kuti alumikize ku magetsi. Pomaliza, ikani kapangidwe konse mu payipi ya polyolefin. Chomaliza chimamatiridwa ku chubu chamadzimadzi kuti chitsimikizire kutsekedwa bwino. Pomaliza, ma thermocouple a K-type 0.25 mm makulidwe adamangidwa kumapeto kulikonse kwa kapangidwe ka PST-MLC kuti ayang'anire kutentha kwa madzi olowera ndi otuluka. Kuti muchite izi, payipi iyenera kubowoledwa kaye. Mukayika thermocouple, ikani guluu lomwelo monga kale pakati pa payipi ya thermocouple ndi waya kuti mubwezeretse chisindikizocho.
Ma prototype asanu ndi atatu osiyana adapangidwa, anayi mwa iwo anali ndi ma MLC PST 40 a makulidwe a 0.5 mm omwe adagawidwa ngati mbale zofanana zokhala ndi mizati 5 ndi mizere 8, ndipo anayi otsalawo anali ndi ma MLC PST 15 a makulidwe a 1 mm iliyonse. Mu kapangidwe ka mbale yofanana ya mizere itatu × mizere 5. Chiwerengero chonse cha ma PST MLC omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito chinali 220 (160 0.5 mm makulidwe ndi 60 PST MLC 1 mm makulidwe). Timatcha ma subunits awiriwa HARV2_160 ndi HARV2_60. Mpata wamadzimadzi mu prototype HARV2_160 umapangidwa ndi matepi awiri okhala ndi mbali ziwiri 0.25 mm makulidwe ndi waya wokulirapo wa 0.25 mm pakati pawo. Pa prototype HARV2_60, tinabwereza njira yomweyi, koma pogwiritsa ntchito waya wokulirapo wa 0.38 mm. Pa symmetry, HARV2_160 ndi HARV2_60 ali ndi ma circuit awoawo amadzimadzi, mapampu, ma valve ndi mbali yozizira (Supplementary Note 8). Mayunitsi awiri a HARV2 amagawana malo osungiramo kutentha, chidebe cha malita atatu (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) pa mbale ziwiri zotentha zokhala ndi maginito ozungulira. Ma prototype onse asanu ndi atatu amalumikizidwa ndi magetsi motsatizana. Ma subunit a HARV2_160 ndi HARV2_60 amagwira ntchito nthawi imodzi mu Olson cycle zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu yokwana 11.2 J.
Ikani PST MLC ya 0.5mm wandiweyani mu payipi ya polyolefin ndi tepi yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri ndi waya mbali zonse ziwiri kuti pakhale malo oti madzi aziyenda. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kochepa, chitsanzocho chinayikidwa pafupi ndi valavu yosungiramo madzi yotentha kapena yozizira, kuchepetsa nthawi yozungulira.
Mu PST MLC, mphamvu yamagetsi yokhazikika imagwiritsidwa ntchito poika mphamvu yamagetsi yokhazikika ku nthambi yotenthetsera. Zotsatira zake, mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa imapangidwa ndipo mphamvu imasungidwa. Pambuyo potenthetsera PST MLC, mphamvuyo imachotsedwa (V = 0), ndipo mphamvu yosungidwamo imabwezeretsedwa ku kauntala yoyambira, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi gawo lina la mphamvu yosonkhanitsidwa. Pomaliza, ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya V = 0 yogwiritsidwa ntchito, ma MLC PST amaziziritsidwa kufika kutentha kwawo koyambirira kuti kayendedwe kayambenso. Pa siteji iyi, mphamvu sizisonkhanitsidwa. Tinayendetsa kayendedwe ka Olsen pogwiritsa ntchito Keithley 2410 SourceMeter, tikuchaja PST MLC kuchokera ku gwero lamagetsi ndikuyika mphamvu yofanana ndi mtengo woyenera kuti mfundo zokwanira zisonkhanitsidwe panthawi yochaja kuti pakhale kuwerengera mphamvu kodalirika.
Mu Stirling cycles, ma PST MLC ankayikidwa mu voltage source mode pamagetsi oyamba (voltage yoyamba Vi > 0), mphamvu yogwirizana ndi malamulo yomwe ikufunika kotero kuti sitepe yolipirira imatenga pafupifupi 1 s (ndipo mfundo zokwanira zimasonkhanitsidwa kuti ziwerengedwe bwino za mphamvu) ndi kutentha kozizira. Mu Stirling cycles, ma PST MLC ankayikidwa mu voltage source mode pamagetsi oyamba (voltage yoyamba Vi > 0), mphamvu yogwirizana ndi malamulo yomwe ikufunika kotero kuti sitepe yolipirira imatenga pafupifupi 1 s (ndipo mfundo zokwanira zimasonkhanitsidwa kuti ziwerengedwe bwino za mphamvu) ndi kutentha kozizira. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC заряжались в режиме источника напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения ) токе, так что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек для надежного растета энергия) ndi холодная тем. Mu Stirling PST MLC cycles, ankayikidwa mu voltage source mode pa mtengo woyambirira wa magetsi (voltage yoyamba Vi > 0), mphamvu yofunikira ya yield, kotero kuti gawo loyikira limatenga pafupifupi 1 s (ndipo mfundo zokwanira zimasonkhanitsidwa kuti pakhale kuwerengera mphamvu kodalirika) ndi kutentha kozizira.在斯特林循环中，PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi > 0.0 Mu master cycle, PST MLC imayikidwa pa mphamvu yoyambirira yamagetsi (voltage yoyamba Vi > 0) mu njira yopezera magetsi, kotero kuti mphamvu yofunikira yotsatirira imatenga pafupifupi sekondi imodzi pa sitepe yochajira (ndipo tinasonkhanitsa mfundo zokwanira kuti tiwerengere moyenera (mphamvu) ndi kutentha kochepa. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения на начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжения ) податливости таков, что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергераию) и песни. Mu Stirling cycle, PST MLC imayikidwa mu voltage source mode yokhala ndi mtengo woyambirira wa magetsi (voltage yoyamba Vi > 0), mphamvu yofunikira yotsatirira ndi yakuti gawo lolipiritsa limatenga pafupifupi 1 s (ndipo mfundo zokwanira zimasonkhanitsidwa kuti ziwerengere mphamvu moyenera) ndi kutentha kochepa.PST MLC isanayambe kutentha, tsegulani dera pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yofananira ya I = 0 mA (mphamvu yofananira yochepa yomwe gwero lathu loyezera lingathe kuthana nayo ndi 10 nA). Zotsatira zake, mphamvu imatsalira mu PST ya MJK, ndipo mphamvu imawonjezeka pamene chitsanzo chikutentha. Palibe mphamvu yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa mu mkono wa BC chifukwa I = 0 mA. Pambuyo pofika kutentha kwakukulu, mphamvu yamagetsi mu MLT FT imawonjezeka (nthawi zina nthawi zoposa 30, onani chithunzi china 7.2), MLK FT imatulutsidwa (V = 0), ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi imasungidwa momwemo momwe zilili mphamvu yoyambirira. Kulumikizana komweko kwamagetsi kumabwezeretsedwa ku gwero la mita. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi, mphamvu yosungidwa pa kutentha kwakukulu imakhala yayikulu kuposa yomwe idaperekedwa kumayambiriro kwa nthawiyo. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu imapezeka posintha kutentha kukhala magetsi.
Tinagwiritsa ntchito Keithley 2410 SourceMeter kuti tiwone mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku PST MLC. Mphamvu yofanana imawerengedwa pophatikiza mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yowerengedwa ndi mita ya Keithley, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\tau }{I}_({\rm {meas))}\left(t\ right){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), komwe τ ndi nthawi ya nthawiyo. Pa curve yathu yamagetsi, mphamvu zabwino zimatanthauza mphamvu yomwe tiyenera kupereka ku MLC PST, ndipo zoyipa zimatanthauza mphamvu yomwe timachotsa kuchokera kwa iwo komanso mphamvu yomwe timalandira. Mphamvu yoyerekeza ya nthawi yosonkhanitsa imatsimikiziridwa pogawa mphamvu yosonkhanitsidwa ndi nthawi τ ya nthawi yonseyo.
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Dipatimenti Yofufuza ndi Ukadaulo wa Zipangizo, Luxembourg Institute of Technology (LIST), Belvoir, Luxembourg