Aloyi ndi chisakanizo cha zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo za mankhwala (osachepera chimodzi chomwe ndi chitsulo) chokhala ndi zitsulo. Kaŵirikaŵiri amapezedwa mwa kusakaniza chigawo chilichonse kuti chikhale chamadzimadzi chofanana ndiyeno nkuchikongoletsa.
Aloyi akhoza kukhala imodzi mwa mitundu itatu iyi: gawo limodzi lokhazikika la zinthu, kusakaniza kwa magawo ambiri azitsulo, kapena zitsulo zokhala ndi intermetallic. The microstructure aloyi mu olimba njira ali ndi gawo limodzi, ndi kaloti ena mu njira ndi magawo awiri kapena kuposa. Kugawa kungakhale kofanana kapena ayi, malingana ndi kusintha kwa kutentha pa nthawi yozizira ya zinthu. Mitundu ya intermetallic nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi alloy kapena chitsulo choyera chozunguliridwa ndi chitsulo china choyera.
Ma alloys amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina chifukwa ali ndi zinthu zabwino kuposa zazitsulo zoyera. Zitsanzo za aloyi ndi zitsulo, solder, mkuwa, pewter, phosphor bronze, amalgam, ndi zina zotero.
Mapangidwe a alloy nthawi zambiri amawerengedwa ndi chiŵerengero cha misa. Ma aloyi amatha kugawidwa m'malo mwa ma aloyi kapena ma interstitial aloys malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ka atomiki, ndipo amathanso kugawidwa m'magawo osakanikirana (gawo limodzi lokha), magawo osiyanasiyana (gawo lopitilira limodzi) ndi ma intermetallic mankhwala (palibe kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pazigawo ziwirizi). magawo). malire). [2]
mwachidule
Mapangidwe a aloyi nthawi zambiri amasintha katundu wa zinthu zoyambira, mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yachitsulo ndi yayikulu kuposa ya chitsulo chake chachikulu, chitsulo. Maonekedwe a aloyi, monga kachulukidwe, reactivity, Young's modulus, magetsi ndi matenthedwe matenthedwe, akhoza kukhala ofanana ndi zinthu zomwe zili mu alloy, koma mphamvu zolimba ndi kumeta ubweya wa alloy nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi katundu wa alloy. zigawo zikuluzikulu. zosiyana kwambiri. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti dongosolo la maatomu mu aloyi ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi la chinthu chimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, malo osungunuka a alloy ndi otsika kusiyana ndi zitsulo zomwe zimapanga alloy chifukwa ma radii a atomiki a zitsulo zosiyanasiyana ndi zosiyana, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kupanga kristalo wokhazikika.
Chinthu chochepa cha chinthu china chikhoza kukhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa katundu wa alloy. Mwachitsanzo, zonyansa zomwe zili mu ferromagnetic alloys zimatha kusintha mawonekedwe a aloyi.
Mosiyana ndi zitsulo zoyera, ma alloys ambiri alibe malo osungunuka okhazikika. Pamene kutentha kuli mkati mwa kutentha kosungunuka, chisakanizocho chimakhala cholimba komanso chamadzimadzi. Choncho, tinganene kuti malo osungunuka a alloy ndi otsika kusiyana ndi zitsulo zomwe zimapangidwira. Onani osakaniza eutectic.
Pakati pa aloyi wamba, mkuwa ndi aloyi yamkuwa ndi nthaka; bronze ndi aloyi ya malata ndi mkuwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ziboliboli, zokongoletsera, ndi mabelu a tchalitchi. Aloyi (monga nickel alloys) amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndalama za mayiko ena.
Aloyi ndi yankho, monga chitsulo, chitsulo ndi zosungunulira, carbon ndiye solute.