Aloyi ndi chisakanizo cha zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo za mankhwala (osachepera chimodzi mwa izo ndi chitsulo) zokhala ndi mphamvu yachitsulo. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka posakaniza gawo lililonse kukhala madzi ofanana kenako n’kulipanga kukhala lofewa.
Ma alloy akhoza kukhala amodzi mwa mitundu itatu iyi: yankho lolimba la gawo limodzi la zinthu, chisakanizo cha magawo ambiri achitsulo, kapena gulu la zitsulo pakati pa zitsulo. Kapangidwe ka ma alloy mu yankho lolimba kali ndi gawo limodzi, ndipo ma alloy ena mu yankho ali ndi magawo awiri kapena kuposerapo. Kugawa kungakhale kofanana kapena ayi, kutengera kusintha kwa kutentha panthawi yozizira kwa zinthuzo. Ma compound a intermetallic nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi alloy kapena chitsulo choyera chozunguliridwa ndi chitsulo china choyera.
Ma alloy amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina chifukwa ali ndi makhalidwe ena abwino kuposa a zitsulo zoyera. Zitsanzo za ma alloy ndi monga chitsulo, solder, brass, pewter, phosphor bronze, amalgam, ndi zina zotero.
Kapangidwe ka alloy nthawi zambiri kamawerengedwa ndi chiŵerengero cha kulemera. Ma alloy amatha kugawidwa m'ma alloy osinthira kapena ma alloy apakati malinga ndi kapangidwe kawo ka atomu, ndipo amatha kugawidwanso m'magawo ofanana (gawo limodzi lokha), magawo osiyanasiyana (magawo opitilira limodzi) ndi ma compounds apakati (palibe kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa magawo awiriwa). [2]
mwachidule
Kupangidwa kwa ma alloy nthawi zambiri kumasintha makhalidwe a zinthu zoyambira, mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya chitsulo ndi yayikulu kuposa ya chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapanga, chitsulo. Makhalidwe enieni a alloy, monga kuchuluka, reactivity, Young's modulus, magetsi ndi kutentha, akhoza kukhala ofanana ndi zinthu zoyambira za alloy, koma mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu yocheka ya alloy nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi makhalidwe a zinthu zoyambira. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti kapangidwe ka maatomu mu alloy ndi kosiyana kwambiri ndi ka chinthu chimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, malo osungunuka a alloy ndi otsika kuposa malo osungunuka a zitsulo zomwe zimapanga alloy chifukwa ma radii a atomiki a zitsulo zosiyanasiyana ndi osiyana, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kupanga lattice yokhazikika ya kristalo.
Kuchuluka kochepa kwa chinthu china kungathandize kwambiri pa makhalidwe a aloyi. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zosafunika zomwe zili mu aloyi ya ferromagnetic zimatha kusintha makhalidwe a aloyi.
Mosiyana ndi zitsulo zoyera, zitsulo zambiri zosungunula sizimakhala ndi malo okhazikika osungunula. Kutentha kukakhala mkati mwa kutentha kosungunuka, chisakanizocho chimakhala chokhazikika komanso chamadzimadzi. Chifukwa chake, tinganene kuti malo osungunuka a zitsulozo ndi otsika kuposa a zitsulo zomwe zili mkati mwake. Onani chisakanizo cha eutectic.
Pakati pa zinthu zodziwika bwino monga mkuwa ndi mkuwa; mkuwa ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi tin ndi mkuwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ziboliboli, zokongoletsera, ndi mabelu a tchalitchi. Zinthu zopangidwa ndi mkuwa (monga nickel alloys) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ndalama za mayiko ena.
Aloyi ndi yankho, monga chitsulo, chitsulo ndiye chosungunulira, ndi kaboni ndiye chosungunulira.