Aloyi ndi chisakanizo cha zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo za mankhwala (osachepera chimodzi chomwe ndi chitsulo) chokhala ndi zitsulo.Kaŵirikaŵiri amapezedwa mwa kusakaniza chigawo chilichonse kukhala chamadzimadzi chofanana ndiyeno nkuchikongoletsa.
Aloyi akhoza kukhala imodzi mwa mitundu itatu iyi: gawo limodzi lokhazikika la zinthu, kusakaniza kwa magawo ambiri azitsulo, kapena zitsulo zokhala ndi intermetallic.The microstructure aloyi mu olimba njira ali ndi gawo limodzi, ndi kaloyi zina mu njira ndi magawo awiri kapena kuposa.Kugawa kungakhale kofanana kapena ayi, malingana ndi kusintha kwa kutentha pa nthawi yozizira ya zinthu.Mitundu ya intermetallic nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi aloyi kapena chitsulo choyera chozunguliridwa ndi chitsulo china choyera.
Ma alloys amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina chifukwa ali ndi zinthu zina zabwino kuposa zazitsulo zoyera.Zitsanzo za aloyi ndi zitsulo, solder, mkuwa, pewter, phosphor bronze, amalgam, ndi zina zotero.
Mapangidwe a alloy nthawi zambiri amawerengedwa ndi chiŵerengero cha misa.Ma aloyi amatha kugawidwa m'malo mwa ma aloyi kapena ma interstitial alloys malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ka atomiki, ndipo amathanso kugawidwa m'magawo osakanikirana (gawo limodzi lokha), magawo osiyanasiyana (gawo lopitilira limodzi) ndi ma intermetallic (palibe kusiyana koonekera pakati pazigawo ziwirizi). magawo).malire).[2]
mwachidule
Mapangidwe a aloyi nthawi zambiri amasintha katundu wa zinthu zoyambira, mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yachitsulo ndi yayikulu kuposa yazinthu zake zazikulu, chitsulo.Zomwe zimapangidwira za aloyi, monga kachulukidwe, reactivity, Young's modulus, magetsi ndi matenthedwe matenthedwe, akhoza kukhala ofanana ndi zinthu zomwe zili mu alloy, koma mphamvu zowonongeka ndi kumeta ubweya wa alloy nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi katundu wa alloy. zigawo zikuluzikulu.zosiyana kwambiri.Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti dongosolo la maatomu mu aloyi ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi la chinthu chimodzi.Mwachitsanzo, malo osungunuka a alloy ndi otsika kusiyana ndi zitsulo zomwe zimapanga alloy chifukwa ma radii a atomiki a zitsulo zosiyanasiyana ndi zosiyana, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kupanga kristalo wokhazikika.
Chinthu chochepa cha chinthu china chikhoza kukhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa katundu wa alloy.Mwachitsanzo, zonyansa zomwe zili mu ferromagnetic alloys zimatha kusintha mawonekedwe a aloyi.
Mosiyana ndi zitsulo zoyera, ma alloys ambiri alibe malo osungunuka okhazikika.Pamene kutentha kuli mkati mwa kutentha kosungunuka, chisakanizocho chimakhala cholimba komanso chamadzimadzi.Choncho, tinganene kuti malo osungunuka a alloy ndi otsika kusiyana ndi zitsulo zomwe zimapangidwira.Onani osakaniza eutectic.
Pakati pa aloyi wamba, mkuwa ndi aloyi yamkuwa ndi nthaka;bronze ndi aloyi ya malata ndi mkuwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ziboliboli, zokongoletsera, ndi mabelu a tchalitchi.Aloyi (monga nickel alloys) amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndalama za mayiko ena.
Aloyi ndi yankho, monga chitsulo, chitsulo ndi chosungunulira, carbon ndiye solute.